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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. The Civilization of the Greeks. Consider:. What role did geography have on Greek history and civilization? What brought about the Dark Ages in ancient Greece? What were the main causes behind the development of democracy in Greece?

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 The Civilization of the Greeks

  2. Consider: • What role did geography have on Greek history and civilization? • What brought about the Dark Ages in ancient Greece? • What were the main causes behind the development of democracy in Greece? • Why was the polis the preferred form of government in ancient Greece? • How did the Persian Wars lay the seeds for the Peloponnesian Wars? • What were the defining features of Greek art? • How did Plato’s Republic challenge democratic ideals? • What impact did Greek philosophers have on the Western intellectual tradition? • What function did festivals and public rituals play in Greek religion?

  3. Timeline

  4. Early Greece • Geography • Mountains • Sea • Minoan Crete (c. 2000 – 1450 B.C.) • Knossus • Catastrophic Collapse (c. 1450 B.C.)

  5. Map 3.1: Ancient Greece (c. 750 – 338 B.C.)

  6. The First Greek State: Mycenae • Mycenae • Flourished between 1600 – 1100 B.C. • Indo Europeans • Powerful monarchies • Fortified palace complexes • Warrior society • Trojan War • Mycenae destroyed c. 1190 B.C.

  7. The Greeks in a Dark Age (c. 1100 – c. 750 B.C.) • Period of Decline • Farming revived (c. 850 B.C.) • Migrations to Ionia • Revival of some trade • Use of iron • Adoption of Phoenician alphabet • Homer • The Iliad • Trojan War • The Odyssey • Heroes

  8. The World of the Greek City-States (c. 750 – c. 500 B.C.) • The Polis • Town or city and surrounding countryside • Acropolis • Agora • Citizenship • Rights and Responsibilities • New military system • Hoplites and Phalanx

  9. Colonization and the Growth of Trade • Migration and Colonies • Effects of Colonization • Increased trade and industry

  10. Map 2.2: Greece and its Colonies in the Archaic Age

  11. Tyranny in the Greek Polis • Tyrants • Outside the law • Favored interests of merchants and traders • Tyranny in Corinth • Decline of Tyranny (end of sixth century B.C.)

  12. Sparta • Origins in Laconia • Perioikoi and Helots • Conquest of Messenia • Lycurgan Reforms (c. 800 – 600 B.C.) • Development of a military state (early 6th c. B.C.) • Barracks and military life • Spartan women • Spartan society • The Spartan State • Two kings • Ephors • Assembly • Isolationism • Peloponnesian League

  13. Athens • Attica • Economic Problems • Solon • Economic reforms • Political reforms • Tyrants • The Reforms of Cleisthenes • Ten Tribes – Cross section of population • Council of 500 (50 from each tribe) • Democracy

  14. Greek Culture in the Archaic Age • Influences • Lyric Poetry • Sappho of Lesbos • Hesiod • Works and Days • Theognis of Megara • Celebration of aristocracy

  15. The High Point of Greek Civilization: Classical Greece • The Challenge of Persia • Ionian Revolt (499 – 494 B.C.) • Persian Invasion (490 B.C.) • Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.) • Xerxes • Renewed Persian invasion (480 B.C.) • Battle of Thermopylae (480 B.C.) • Battle of Salamis (480 B.C.) • Battle of Plataea (479 B.C.)

  16. Map 3.3: The Persian Wars

  17. The Growth of an Athenian Empire in the Age of Pericles • Delian League (organized 478 – 477 B.C.) • Pericles • Democracy • Magistrates • Ostracism • Athenian Imperialism • Control over Delian League

  18. The Great Peloponnesian War (431 – 404 B.C.) & the Decline of the Greek States • Thucydides • Spartan fear of Athens • Athens – Naval Power; Sparta – Land Power • Plague (430 B.C.) • Death of Pericles (429 B.C.) • Destruction of Athenian Fleet (405 B.C.) • Athens Surrenders (404 B.C.) • Greek States continue to fight among themselves

  19. Map 3.4: The Great Peloponnesian War (431 – 404 B.C.)

  20. The Culture of Classical Greece • The Writing of History • Herodotus (c. 484 – c. 425 B.C.) • The Persian Wars • Thucydides (c. 460-c. 400 B.C.) • History of the Peloponnesian War • Greek Drama • Tragedies • Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.) • Sophocles (c. 496-406 B.C.) • Euripides (c. 485-406 B.C.) • Comedies • Aristophanes (c. 450-c. 385 B.C.)

  21. Outdoor theater at Epidaurus

  22. The Arts: The Classical Ideal • Architecture • Temples • Mathematical ratios found in nature • Sculpture • Ideal Beauty

  23. Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian Orders

  24. The Temple of Athena on the Island of AeginaFifth-century B.C.

  25. Doryphoros

  26. The Greek Love of Wisdom • Philosophy (“Love of Wisdom”) • Sophists • The art of the argument • Socrates (469 – 399 B.C.) • Socratic method • Plato (c. 429 – 347 B.C.) • The Republic • The Academy • Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C.) • Politics

  27. Greek Religion • Religion and Daily Life • Festivals • Gods and Goddesses • Mount Olympus • Olympic Festivals (began in 776 B.C.) • Oracle of Apollo at Delphi

  28. Remaining Columns at the Oracle to Apollo Delphi

  29. Daily Life in Classical Athens • 150,000 citizens – 43,000 adult males with political power • Slavery • Agricultural Economy • Trade • Artisans • Lifestyle • Family Life • Women • Male Homosexuality

  30. Web Links • Ancient Greek Sites on the World Wide Web • Dēmos: Classical Athenian Democracy • Encyclopedia Mythica: Greek Mythology • Didaskalia: Ancient Theater Today • Cultural Map of Hellas • The Ancient City of Athens

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