The Circulatory System

1. The Circulatory System • The circulatory system includes the Heart, Blood Tissue and the Blood Vessels.

2. The Circulatory System-Transport • The absorption and circulation of materials throughout an organism

3. What does the circulatory system do?(What is its function?) • Delivers food and oxygen to body cells. • Carries carbon dioxideand other waste products away from cells. • Movement of materials into and out of cells occurs by diffusion(from an area of high concentration to low concentration– no energy required) • Movement also occurs by active transport(from an area of low concentration to high– this requires energy)

4. ** In general, the blood is a fluid tissue helping to maintain homeostasis for all cells in the body. • Transport of needed substances to body cells. (oxygen, amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, salts, etc.)

5. The heart functions as a double pump beating in unison. 1. Deoxygenated blood--relatively low in oxygen • Oxygenated blood--relatively high in oxygen ** Heartbeat is stimulated by an electrochemical impulse. Pacemaker - in the right atrium - initiates the heartbeat

6. 2. Transport of wastes from cells. (urea, water, carbon dioxide in the form of the bicarbonate ion) 3. Helps to maintain a constant body temperature. 4. Aids the body in fighting disease.

8. The Human (Mammalian) Heart Structure 1. septum: muscular central wall dividing the mammalian heart into two halves 2. atria: thin walled upper heart chambers which receive blood pump blood to the ventricles 3. Ventricles: muscular thick walled chambers which pump blood from the heart -- the lower chambers 4. Valves - prevent the backward flow of blood in the heart

12. A = aorta F = left ventricle B = pulmonary arteries G = right ventricle C = pulmonary veins H = valve D = left atrium I = vena cavae E = valve J = right atrium

13. 1. Inferior & superior vena cava 2. Right atrium 3. valve 4. Right ventricle 5. valve 6. Pulmonary arteries (BLOOD TO THE LUNGS – GAS EXCHANGE) … 7. Pulmonary veins 8. Left Atrium 9. valve 10. Left ventricle 11. valve 12. Aorta

14. Blood Vessels 1. Arteries --carry blood away from the heart --usually spurt blood when cut --all except the pulmonary artery carry oxygenated blood --thick walled and elastic pulse: expansion and contraction of the artery walls in response to the heartbeat

16. Veins --carry blood toward the heart --contain valves --closer to the body surface than the arteries --all except the pulmonary vein carry deoxygenated blood --thinner, less muscular and elastic than arteries --depend upon muscle and diaphragm movements for blood flow

18. Capillaries --most numerous vessels --connect arteries to veins --microscopic, one cell thick walls --site of much exchange between the blood and the intracellular fluid (lymph) by diffusion

19. Lymph vessels -have walls one cell thick -present around all body cells -Lymph composition is similar to that of blood except for the absence of RBC and some plasma proteins. -chief site of material exchange with the tissues

20. Major lymph vessels have lymph nodes which contain phagocytic white blood cells which filter bacteria and dead cells from the lymph. X = lymph nodes Valves are present in some lymph vessels--aiding in the movement of the lymph. Respiratory movements also aid lymph flow.

21. Which Way Did it Go?

22. Blood Pressure

23. Causes of HBP implicated: 1. excess sodium intake 2. stress 3. cigarettes (nicotine) 4. saturated fats 5. alcohol & caffeine 6. obesity 7. heredity & aging No cure--may be treated by medication & diet. "Silent killer"--millions don't know they have it

24. Blood Blood = a connective tissue made up of blood cellsand a liquid called blood plasma. • About 7 % of your body mass • About 4.5- 5.6 Liters in an adult human Men = 5.6 Liters Women = 4.5 Liters Pregnant woman = 5.0 Liters The Functions of Blood Delivers:Picks Up: • Nutrients - waste  kidneys • Oxygen, Water, minerals - carbon dioxide  lungs • Hormones and enzymes - heat  skin • pollutants

25. The Parts of Blood • Plasma =carries everything 2. Red Blood Cells=(RBC) gas exchange 3. White blood Cells =(WBC) fight infection 4. Platelets = clotting

26. Components of Blood

27. Blood Composition • Plasma 55% (liquid part of the blood); Blood Cells 45%

28. 55% plasma 45 % RBC, WBC and platelets

29. Plasma- nonliving • Yellow liquid (92% H2O) • 8 % nutrients, salts, urea, hormones • Carries: RBC, WBC, Platelets, Carbon dioxide, food and waste

30. BLOOD CELL TYPES • Red Blood Cells: • most numerous • biconcave disc shaped • smaller than white blood cells, larger than platelets • no nucleus when mature • produced in the red marrow of long bones • destroyed in the liver and spleen • contain the iron protein compound HEMOGLOBIN whose chief function is to combine with oxygen and carry it to the cells

31. Red Blood Cells-living • 5 million in 1 drop of blood (most common) • Shape = donut Draw here: • Made in bone marrow • Live approximately 120-125 days Hemoglobin = oxygen containing pigment • Binds to oxygen and carries it to the cells • Gives red blood cells its red color

32. White blood cells-living • AKA- Lymphocytes or Leukocytes • White blood cells are larger than red blood cells, but there are less of them. • 8000 in one drop of blood Function of White Blood Cells • surround and digest bacteria • Attack bacteria and viruses **Pus = WBC + dead bacteria YouTube - White Blood Cell Chases Bacteria

33. White Blood cells --largest blood cells--several different types --about 8,000 per drop of blood --most are formed in the bone marrow or in the lymph tissue --most protect the body against diseases by forming antibodies or engulfing bacteria

34. Main White Blood Cell Types • Phagocytes-- engulf bacteria and viruses by phagocytosis --able to leave the bloodstream and move between the cells of the body by squeezing through the capillary walls

35. 2. Lymphocytes--produce antibodies which clump bacterial poisons or bacteria (antigens) (antigens--foreign substances in the body)

36. Platelets-living • Bits of cells • Live for approximately 10days Function of Platelets • creates fibrin= enzyme that helps clot blood (tiny threads seal cuts)

37. 3. Platelets --smallest blood cells (fragments) --150,000 to 300,000 per drop of blood --needed for clotting

38. Clotting: Involves a series of enzyme controlled reactions resulting in the formation of protein fibers that trap blood cells and form a clot.

39. Pacemaker- • Uses electrical impulses from wire leads inserted into the Heart. • Keeps the Heart in perfect rhythm.

40. Diseases and Disorders of the Circulatory System • MyocardialInfarction- heart attack • Hypertension- high blood pressure • Hypotension- low blood pressure • Stroke- clot in the brain • AnginaPectoris- severe pain in chest • Sickle Cell Anemia- sickle shaped rbc’s • Pernicious Anemia- very low rbc count • MVP- prolapsed mitral valve • Pericarditis- inflammation of outer membrane covering the heart • Leukemia- cancer of the blood, elevated wbc count • Varicose veins- enlargement of veins • Arrhythmias- irregularities in heart rhythm • Endocarditis- inflammation of inner lining of heart • Cardiomyopathy- weakening of the heart muscle • Hemophilia- no clotting factor in the blood • Thalassemia- low rbc count, genetic, low hemoglobin count

41. Heart Disease

42. Mitral Valve Surgery

43. Aortic Aneurysm

44. Aortic Valve Replacement