Standardizing the Nation: Innovations in Technology, Business, and Culture

1. 1877-1890 CHAPTER 16 STANDARDIZING THE NATION: INNOVATIONS IN TECHNOLOGY, BUSINESS, AND CULTURE CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ

2. “…the great sums gathered by some of their fellow-citizens and spent for public purposes, from which the masses reap the principal benefit, are more valuable to them than if scattered through the course of many years in trifling amounts.” Andrew Carnegie, Wealth, 1889

3. TIMELINE 1877 Great Labor Uprising Edison develops the phonograph Munn v. Illinois 1878 Self-binding harvester 1879 Edison develops the electric light 1880 Presidential Election: Garfield elected 1881 Hunt’s A Century of Dishonor 1882 Gold discovered in Coeur d”Alene region Self-steering, self-propelled traction engine John L. Sullivan wins boxing world championship Buffalo Bill Cody produces “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West”

4. TIMELINE continued 1883 Emma Lazarus, “The New Colossus” The Supreme Court and the Civil Rights case Sumner, What the Social Classes Owe to Each Other 1884 Twine binder adapted to rice cultivation France presents America with the Statue of Liberty 1886 Wabash v. Illinois 1887 Interstate Commerce Act Dawes Severalty Act 1888 Electric streetcar invented 1889 First “All America” team in football 1890 The Sherman Anti-Trust Act Afro-American League founded Massacre at Wounded Knee

5. STANDARDIZING THE NATION Overview • The New Shape of Business • Cities Set the Standard: The Creation of a National Urban Culture • Thrills, Chills, and Bathtubs: The Emergence of Consumer Culture • Defending the New Order

6. THE NEW SHAPE OF BUSINESS • New Systems and Machines—and Their Price • Alterations in the Natural Environment • Innovations in Financing and Organizing Business • New Labor Supplies for a New Economy • The “Science” of Factory Management

7. New Systems and Machines —and Their Price • 1876-1879: Bell and Edison: the telephone, the phonograph, and electric light • Improved manufacturing and technology reduces labor needs: some workers pay the price

8. Alterations in the Natural Environment • Innovation’s effects on the environment • Lumber mills deplete forests • Improved seafood harvesting depletes shellfish reserves • Hydraulic mining contributes to soil erosion and water pollution • The benefits and negative impact of the railroads

9. Innovations in Financing and Organizing Business • The consolidation of the railroad business • The growth of big business and national enterprises • Vertical integration: Carnegie • Horizontal integration: Rockefeller • Small businesses proliferate as well

10. New Labor Supplies for a New Economy • New wave of immigration to America • In 10 years (1880-1890) , 5.2 million immigrants • Germans, Scandinavians, English, Italians, Russians, Polish • Immigrants find their ethnic “niche” • Providing community and introduction to American society

11. Population of foreign-born, by region, 1880

12. The “Science” of Factory Management • Efficiency at the factories • Discriminatory hiring practices in the South

13. CITIES SET THE STANDARD: THE CREATION OF A NATIONAL URBAN CULTURE • Economic Engines of Urban Growth • Building the Cities • Local Government Gets Bigger

14. Economic Engines of Urban Growth • Cities draw populations from outside and inside the country • Immigrants • Rural migrants

15. Building the Cities • The “menace” to civilization, cities become technological marvels • Water supplies, transportation, illumination, elevators • Industrialists and factory owners build cities for their employees • Pullman outside of Chicago, textile towns in the Piedmont region, lumber towns of Texas, phosphate industries in Florida

16. Local Government Gets Bigger • Zoning and infrastructure call for new forms of local government • Urban machines • Illegal activities • Infrastructure built by bosses, paid for by the tax payers • Sports and commercial leisure activities

17. THRILLS, CHILLS, AND BATHTUBS:THE EMERGENCE OF CONSUMER CULTURE • Shows as Spectacles • Mass Merchandising as Spectacle

18. Shows as Spectacles • Sports • Baseball, football, and boxing • 1876 National Baseball League and 1900 the American League • Performances • 1882: “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West” and the medicine shows

19. Mass Merchandising as Spectacle • Department stores • Marshall Fields, Wanamaker’s, Lord and Taylor, Macy’s • Mail-order catalogues • Mass production and mass advertising

20. DEFENDING THE NEW ORDER • The Contradictory Politics of Laissez-Faire • The “Natural” State of Society

21. The Contradictory Politics of Laissez-Faire Social Engineering Laissez-Faire Edmunds Act: outlawing polygamy Chinese Expulsion Act: bars Chinese from entering US Wabash v. Illinois: only Congress can control interstate transportation Civil Rights Act declared unconstitutional: states cannot discriminate, but private industry may Dawes General Allotment Act: eliminates tribal ownership in favor of private property President Cleveland invokes laissez-faire denying farmers seeds, “the government should not support the people.”

22. The “Natural” State of Society • Social Darwinism • Henry Ward Beecher: “great laws of political economy” (anti-union/pro-business) • Using Darwinism to rationalize social hierarchies and promote the perceived superiority of “whites”