Duality and Quantum Hall Systems

1. Duality and Quantum Hall Systems Duality in Your Everyday Life with Rim Dib, Brian Dolan and C.A. Lutken

2. Outline • Motivation and Preliminaries • The virtue of robust low-energy explanations • What is the Quantum Hall Effect? • What Needs Explaining • Transitions among Quantum Hall Plateaux • A phenomenological explanation • A symmetry interpretation: the group G0(2) • From whence the symmetry? • Statistics shifts and particle/vortex duality • Spinoffs • New Predictions: Bosons and Gq(2) Invariance Quantum Hall Duality

3. Why Stay Awake? • Field theory: • Many of the most interesting theories have recently been found to enjoy duality symmetries. • eg: Electromagnetism with charges and monopoles has symmetry under their interchange together with ereplaced by 2π/e. • Quantum Hall Systems are the first laboratory systems with this kind of symmetry. • May learn about new kinds of duality. • Condensed matter physics: • Duality helps identify robust low-energy features • eg why are some QH features so accurate? • Suggests existence of new kinds of Quantum Hall Systems Quantum Hall Duality

4. What is the Quantum Hall Effect? Quantum Hall Duality

5. 2-d Electron Systems Girvin, cond-mat/9907002 • Electrons/holes can be trapped on a two-dimensional surface using an electrostatic potential well. • Occurs in real semiconducting devices. • Knobs: T, B, n • Carrier densities may be adjusted by varying a gate voltage Quantum Hall Duality

6. The Conductivity Tensor • Crossed electric and magnetic fields, or anisotropy, give currents not parallel to applied E fields • Described, for weak fields, by a conductivity tensor, skl,or a resistivity tensor, rkl = (s-1)kl • skl = slk : Ohmic conductivity • skl = - slk : Hall conductivity Quantum Hall Duality

7. Isotropic 2d Systems • Special Case: Isotropic Systems: • Choose: E = E ex, B = B ez • Alternatively, in the upper-half complex plane: • s := sxy + i sxx • Resistivity: r := rxy + i rxx =-1/s Quantum Hall Duality

8. Classical Hall Effect • Lorentz force on moving charges induces a transverse current. • Implies rxy proportional to B: Wherer0 = m/(n e2t0);n = n/(eB). Quantum Hall Duality

9. Free-particle Quantum Description • Free electrons in magnetic fields form evenly-spaced simple-harmonic Landau levels(LL), labelled by n, k • Energy: wc = eB/m, Size: 1/l2 = eB, Centre: yc = l2k • Each LL is extremely degenerate in absence of interactions. • Number of available states proportional to sample area. • Fraction of LL filled with N electrons is n = n/eB. Quantum Hall Duality

10. Experiments: Stormer: Physica B177 (92) 401 • Experiment: at low temperatures rxyis not proportional to B. • Plateaux with sxy = ke2/h, with kanodd-denominator fraction • Quantized with extraordinary accuracy! Quantum Hall Duality

11. A Quantum Hall Puzzle • Why should sxx vanish and sxy be so accurately quantized in units of e2/h? • A microscopic picture: • Interactions and disorder broaden bands and localize electrons. • Conductivity independent of filling requires most electrons in band to be localized, so as not to conduct. • Narrow energy range in each band containing extended states causes jumps between plateaux. Quantum Hall Duality

12. Quantization: The Corbino Geometry Girvin, cond-mat/9907002 • Laughlin’s gauge-invariance argument: • Insertion of magnetic flux induces radial charge transfer • One flux quantum gives a ‘large’ gauge transformation. • Induces level shift with transfer of a charge quantum Laughlin, PRB 23 5632 Quantum Hall Duality

13. 1. Semicircle Law as B is varied.2. Transitions between which plateaux?3. Universality of Critical Points4. Superuniversality of Critical Exponents5. rxx 1/rxx Duality Other Experiments: Flow Between Plateaux Quantum Hall Duality

14. Varying External Parameters • Varying B causes transitions from one plateau to the next. • Varying T removes the area between the plateaux Quantum Hall Duality

15. Temperature Dependence Yang et.al., cond-mat/9805341 • For those B where sxylies on a plateau, rxxgoes to zero at low temperatures. • sxy = -ne2/h ; n = -p/q • Hall Insulator: for very large B, rxxinstead goes to infinity at low temperatures. Quantum Hall Duality

16. Critical Points Yang et.al., cond-mat/9805341 • At plateaux, rxx falls as T falls. • For large B,rxx eventually rises as T falls, (and so is an insulator). • The critical field, Bc, for the plateau-insulator transition, occurs when rxx is constant as T falls. Quantum Hall Duality

17. Critical Resistivity is Universal Yang et.al., cond-mat/9805341 • Positions of fixed points are independent of sample. • e.g. For n =1/(2n+1) to Hall Insulatortransitions: rcxx = h/e2= 25.3 kΩ Quantum Hall Duality

18. Critical Scaling • Near critical points predict universal form: • x = localization length of electrons • Conductivity approaches its critical value as a universal power law as a function of: • temperature if x varies as T-p • system size, if x varies as L Quantum Hall Duality

19. Superuniversality Wei et. al., PRL 61 1294. • Slope of Hall resistivity between plateaux diverges like 1/Tb • Same power of T regardless of which plateaux are involved! • Width of transition region vanishes like Tb • Same power of T (up to sign) as for previous divergence Quantum Hall Duality

20. B Dependence of Flow Shahar et.al., cond-mat/9706045 For n=1 to Insulator transition: Quantum Hall Duality

21. Deviations from Scaling? Shahar et.al., cond-mat/9706045 • Some disordered samples do not seem to have scaling form. • Temperature scaling should imply rxx is a function only of the combination: • Dn/Tk Quantum Hall Duality

22. Flow in the Conductivity Plane • As T goes to zero (IR), sxx flows to zero. • For plateaux sxy ≠ 0 so flow is to fractions on the real axis away from origin. • For Hall insulator sxyalso flows to zero, corresponding to flow to the origin. • Critical behaviour occurs at the bifurcation points Quantum Hall Duality

23. Semicircle Law • Varying B for fixed T causes transitions between plateaux. • In clean systems flow is along a semicircle in the s plane. • In r plane this corresponds to flow with rxx varying from 0 to infinity, and rxy fixed. Quantum Hall Duality

24. Semicircle Evidence I Hilke et al, cond-mat/9810217 Quantum Hall Duality

25. Semicircle Evidence II Quantum Hall Duality

26. rxx to 1/rxx Duality Shahar et.al., Science 274 589, cond-mat/9510113 • As rxxvaries (for fixed rxy) across the critical point, rxx= 1, it goes into its inverse for opposite filling factors. Quantum Hall Duality

27. An underlying symmetry: phenomenology Quantum Hall Duality

28. Symmetry and Superuniversality • Superuniversality strongly suggests a symmetry: • Resulting symmetry group: G0(2) (plus particle-hole interchange) • Lütken & Ross: postulate symmetry acting on complex s. • Motivated by Cardy’s discovery of SL(2,Z) invariant CFT. • Kivelson, Lee & Zhang use Chern-Simons-Landau-Ginzburg theory to argue for symmetry acting on filling fractions, n Quantum Hall Duality

29. Symmetry Implies Flow Lines C.B., R. Dib, B. Dolan, cond-mat/9911476 Quantum Hall Duality

30. Flow Lines Imply QH Observations B. Dolan, cond-mat/9805171; C.B., R. Dib, B. Dolan, cond-mat/9911476 • Flows along vertical lines and semicircles centred on real axis. • Implies observed properties of transitions: • IR attractive fixed points are fractions p/q, with q odd. • Semicircle Law • Transitions from p1/q1 to p2/q2 are allowed if and only if (p1 q2 - p2 q1) = ±1. • Universal Critical Points: s* = (1+i)/2 • Superuniversality of critical exponents • Contains duality: rxx to 1/rxx Quantum Hall Duality

31. Quasi-microscopic symmetry: Particle/Vortex Duality C.B., B. Dolan, hep-th/0010246 Quantum Hall Duality

32. Microscopic Symmetry Generators • Assume the EM response is governed by the motion of low-energy quasi-particles and/or vortices. • Identify the three symmetry generators as: • ST2S(s) = s/(1-2s): Addition of 2p statistics; • TST2S(s) = (1-s)/(1-2s): Particle-vortex interchange; • P(s) = 1 – s*: Particle – hole interchange. • Goal: calculate how EM response changes under these operations. Quantum Hall Duality

33. Definition of Dual Systems • In 2 space dimensions, weakly-interacting particles and vortices resemble one another. • EM response due to motion. • Characterized by number, mass, charge/vorticity • One symmetry generator is particle-vortex duality • System A: • N particles of mass m • Dual to A: • N vortices of mass m Quantum Hall Duality

34. Low-Energy Dynamics • Degrees of Freedom: • EM Probe: A • Statistics Field: a • Systems with particles: • Particle positions: x • Charge, Mass • Systems with vortices: • Vortex positions: y • Zeroes in order parameter for U(1)EM breaking • Goldstone Mode: f • Phase of order parameter • Mediates long-range Magnus force between vortices (unless eaten) Quantum Hall Duality

35. Relating EM Response for Duals • Integrating out particle/vortex positions gives effective theory of EM response. • Can relate dual EM responses without being able to evaluate path integrals explicitly. • Relies on equivalent form taken by Lp and Lv. • Ditto for q g q + 2p. Quantum Hall Duality

36. Linear Response Functions • For weak probes can restrict to quadratic power of Am • Response function P has convenient representn as a complex variables. • Can relate response functions for dual systems. Quantum Hall Duality

37. EM Response and Duality • Momentum dependence of  distinguishes EM response: • Superconductors • A nonzero • Insulators • A zero • Conductors • Square root branch cut • Conductor  Conductor • Superconductor  Insulator Quantum Hall Duality

38. Duality for Conductors • For conductors: • PV duality acts on conductivity plane. • Ditto for addition of 2p statistics. • Duality not symmetry of Hamiltonian but of RG flow: Quantum Hall Duality

39. Duality Commutes with Flow • Suppose a system with given conductivities corresponds to a system of N quasiparticles, and its dual is N vortices. • Response to changes in B,T computed by asking how N objects of mass m respond, and so is the same for system and its dual. Quantum Hall Duality

40. rxx to 1/rxx Duality Shahar et.al., Science 274 589 • Particle-vortex interchange corresponds to the group element which maps the circle from 0 to 1 to itself. • rxx1/rxx • Particle/vortex interchange for duals implies filling factors are related by • Dn -Dn Quantum Hall Duality

41. Duality for Bosons Quantum Hall Duality

42. Duality for Boson Charge Carriers • Choose particles to be bosons: • Resulting symmetry group: Gq(2) (plus particle-hole interchange) • Predictions for the QHE can be carried over in whole cloth • Several precursor applications of this symmetry, or its subgroups • Lütken • Wilczek & Shapere • Rey & Zee • Fisher Quantum Hall Duality

43. Gq(2)-Invariant Flow • Duality predicts flow lines, and flow lines predict effects to be expected: • Flow in IR to even integers and fractions p/q, with pq = even • Semicircle Law as for fermions • Rule for which transitions are allowed. • Universal Critical Points: • egs* = i (metal/insulator transition?) • Superuniversality at the critical points • Duality: sxx to 1/sxx when sxy = 0 Quantum Hall Duality

44. Gq(2)-Invariant Flow Quantum Hall Duality

45. The Bottom Line • Particle-Vortex Duality relates the EM response of dual systems • Implies symmetry of flow, not of Hamiltonian • Combined with statistics shift generates large discrete group • Works well for QHE when applied to fermions • Many predictions (semicircles etc) follow robustly from G0(2) symmetry implied for the flow in QH systems. • Implies many new predictions for QH systems when applied to bosons. • Eventually testable with superconducting films, Josephson Junction arrays, etc. • Potentially many more implications… Quantum Hall Duality

46. fin Quantum Hall Duality