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Lecture 2: AIRSIDE

Lecture 2: AIRSIDE. By: Zuliana Ismail. PART 1. Learning Outcome. Student is able to: Describe runway types and identifications. Describe taxiway types and how to identify. Explain airport signs, airport lightings Describe about weather facilities. Explain main navigational aids system.

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Lecture 2: AIRSIDE

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  1. Lecture 2: AIRSIDE By: Zuliana Ismail PART 1

  2. Learning Outcome • Student is able to: • Describe runway types and identifications. • Describe taxiway types and how to identify. • Explain airport signs, airport lightings • Describe about weather facilities. • Explain main navigational aids system.

  3. Definition • AIRFIELD is an area where an aircraft can land and take off, which may or may not be equipped with any navigational aids or markings. Many grass strips are also designated as airfields.

  4. Definition • Airfield is called an AERODROME when it is equipped with air traffic control facility and runways equipped with navigational aids, markings and other required facilities.

  5. Definition AIRSIDE is an areaon the airport surface intended to be used for Aircraft Operations. AIRSIDE SERVICES • Facilities associated with the movement of the airplanes on the airports surface.

  6. Airside Facilities RUNWAY NAVIGATIONAL AIDS AIRSIDE FACILITIES TAXIWAY WEATHER DETECTOR APRON AIRSIDE SIGNAGE

  7. Runway

  8. 1. Runways A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft.

  9. Runway Markings Precision Runway (P) Non-Instrument Runway (NI) Non-Precision Runway (NP)

  10. Runway Markings Non-Instrument runway Non precision Instrument Precision Instrument marking Having an instrument approach procedure using a precision instrument landing system, ILS or precision approach radar (PAR) which provides both horizontal and vertical guidance to the runway Having an instrument approach procedure using air navigation facility with only horizontal guidance Intended solely for aircraft operation using visual approach procedure

  11. Precision Runway (P) Aiming point Touchdown zone Designators Threshold

  12. Runway Markings 12 Runway Threshold: Helps identify the beginning of the runway that is available for landing. Runway Designators: Shows the magnetic heading Runway Centerline Marking: Provides alignment guidance during takeoff and landings. Runway Aiming Point Marking: Serves as a visual aiming point for a landing aircraft. Runway Touchdown Zone Markers: Identify the touchdown zone for landing operations

  13. RWY Designators • Identified by a two digit number according to their magnetic heading. • The angle is measured from magnetic north and is divided by 10 and rounded to the nearest integer. • Example: RWY with a magnetic heading of 340° is marked as RWY 34. • Each runway can be used in either direction, and hence has two numbers, each 18 apart. • Example: (34-18=16), so the other runway marked as RWY 16

  14. RWY Designators • Each digit is pronounced separately for clarity in radio communications. Example: Runway 36 is pronounced as Three Six. • For two parallel RWYs, R for Right and L for Left are added to distinguish btw the RWS. • For multiple runways each runway is identified by Left (L), Center (C) and Right (R). • Example: 26L and 26R.

  15. What is the airport with the most number of runways all over the world?

  16. Dallas-Fort Worth Airport

  17. Runway 17L/35R Runway 17C/35C Runway 17R/35L Runway 18L/36R Runway 18R/36L Runway 13L/31R Runway 13R/31L Dallas-Fort Worth Airport: 7 Runways

  18. O’Hare International Airport – Chicago, Illinois, United States

  19. Munich Airport: Two Parallel Runways

  20. Runways Length • Runway lengths depend on the size of aircraft to operate and the weather conditions. • The bigger the aircraft the longer the runway (take-off and landing distances) • The hotter the weather the longer the runway

  21. Runways Length • For aircraft weights below approximately 90,718 kg, a runway length ~ 1,829 m • Larger aircraft (Boeing 747, 767, 777, and 787; Airbus A300, A330, A340, A350, and A380; McDonnell Douglas DC-10 or MD-11; and the Lockheed L1011) will usually require runway length at least 2,438 m.

  22. Runway Lighting Summary

  23. Importance of Lighting Lighting systems from the cockpit window during bad weather. Poor visibility is mainly due to heavy snowfall Lighting systems are important for a/c landing during night time.

  24. Runway Lighting Lighting systems from the cockpit window • Runway Center line Light System : • White • Alternate white and red in last 610 m • Red in last 310m • Runway Edge Lighting: • White • Turn Yellow in last 610m Why the lighting colour change?

  25. Runway Pavements • The surface sections of roads and runways are known as “pavements”. • To serve its purpose, a pavement must have adequate load-carrying capability, good ride ability and must allow safe operation of aircraft.

  26. Concrete surfaces from 23 to 40 cm (9 to 16 inches) thick. Can remain useful for 20 to 40 years. Commonly used at large airports. It is constructed by aligning a series of concrete slabs connected by joins, Asphalt surfaces are from 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches) thick. Can remain useful between 15 to 20 years. Commonly used at most smaller airports. Pavements are less expensive to construct. Concrete Pavement Asphalt Pavement

  27. Airport Classification Codes

  28. Airport Classification Codes Based On Two Elements Based on AIRCRAFT (ARC-Aerodrome Reference Code) Type Of Runway Approach (NI,NP,P) Example: 3C NP Type of approach Aerodrome reference code

  29. Aerodrome Reference Code • The aerodromes are coded according to the physical requirements of the critical aircraft • The aerodrome facilities must meet physical requirements of the critical aircraft

  30. Aerodrome Reference Code (ARC) • ARC is determined by two factors: • Code number (1,2..,4) to reflect aircraft operating performance in terms of balanced field length of runways • Airplane reference field length (RFL) • Code letter(A, B, ..,F) to reflect the aircraft physical dimensions • Wing span (WS)

  31. Aerodrome Reference Code (ARC) • Airplane reference Field Length (RFL): The minimum field length requiredfor take-off at maximum certificated take-off mass. • Wing Span (WS)= the maximum extent across the wings of an aircraft

  32. Wing Span (WS)

  33. Aerodrome Reference Code

  34. ExerciseWhat is the airport classification codes for Boeing 747-400 & Airbus 380 landing at the Precision type Runway Boeing 747-400 RFL=2990m WS=64.4m Airbus A380 RFL=>3300m WS=79.8m

  35. Aerodrome Reference Code

  36. Aerodrome Reference Code

  37. Taxiway

  38. 2. Taxiway • Strip for aircrafts to move slowly (taxi) between the runway and apron, runway and runway & apron and apron.

  39. Taxiway • Generally, width smaller than runway • Lightings for night flying • Can be one or multiple in bigger airport. • Taxiways should be provided to permit the safe surface movement of aircraft. • Sufficient entrance and exit taxiways for a runway should be provided to make the movement of airplanes to and from the runway smooth and to provide more rapid exit taxiways when traffic volumes are high.

  40. Taxiway Types

  41. Taxiway Types There are four types of taxiways: • Parallel taxiways: aligned parallel next to runway • Entrancetaxiways: perpendicular to the runway & located near the departure end of runways. • High-speed taxiways: to allow aircraft quickly free-up the runway. (Also known as Rapid Exit) , located at various points along the runway to allow landing aircraft to efficiently exit the runway after landing. • By-pass taxiways: located near apron, to allow aircraft by-pass other aircraft at aircraft parking area.

  42. High-speed taxiways • Also known as Rapid Exit runway. • To provide exit paths from runway for arriving aircraft. • The intersection angle less than 90deg.

  43. Taxiway Identification Taxiways can be identified through: • Taxiwaymarkings (centerline in yellow color, no azimuth) • Taxiway signs (have location sign) • Taxiway lightings (centerline light in green color, edge light in blue color) • Taxiway size and pavement strength (width smaller than runway, pavement thickness less than runway)

  44. Taxiway Lighting Taxiway centre line: green Taxiway edge lights: blue

  45. Taxiway Lighting • Many airports are equipped with taxiway lighting to facilitate the movement of aircraft on the airfield at night or in poor visibility conditions. • Taxiway lighting includes taxiway edge lights, taxiway centerlines lights.

  46. Taxiway Markings • Taxiway Centerline : single continuous yellow line . • All taxiways should have centerline markings. • Aircraft should be kept centered during taxi to guarantee wingtip clearance with other aircraft or other objects Taxiway Centerline

  47. Taxiway Markings Surface Painted Signs: to assist pilot in confirming the designation of the taxiway (location or direction) Surface Painted Signs

  48. RWY/TWY Markings

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