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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Hardware and Software. Purpose. To be an intelligent consumer of hardware products To ask intelligent question What is it? How can I use it? Is it the best choice?. Agenda. Computer Hardware Computer Data and Instruction CPU (Central Processing Unit) and Memory

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 Hardware and Software

  2. Purpose • To be an intelligent consumer of hardware products • To ask intelligent question • What is it? • How can I use it? • Is it the best choice?

  3. Agenda • Computer • Hardware • Computer Data and Instruction • CPU (Central Processing Unit) and Memory • Computer Performance • Software • Computer Virus • Discussion and Case Study

  4. Computer • Components: hardware and software • Hardware: electronic components and related gadgetry that input, process, output, and store data according to software • Software: instructions encoded in computer programs • Types: general purpose (desk top) and special purpose (cell phone)

  5. Hardware - I • Input • keyboard, mouse, document scanner, bar-code scanner, microphone, etc. • Processing • Central processing unit (CPU) • CPU selects instructions, processes them, performs arithmetic and logical comparisons, and stores results of operations in memory • CPU is vary in speed, function, and cost • Special function cards to augment basic capabilities (video display card)

  6. Hardware - II • Output • video displays, printers, audio speakers, overhead projectors, etc. • Storage • Save data and program • Magnetic disk, optical disk (CD, DVD), magnetic tape • Communication • Wire, bus, etc.

  7. Figure 3-9 Magnetic Disk Components

  8. Magnetic Disk • Long-term and nonvolatile data storage • Performance depends on type and size • Recording data on magnetic disk in concentric circles • Read/write head • Data transfer speed • Rotational delay • Seek time • Width and speed of the channel

  9. Optical Disk • Type • CD (compact disk) • DVD (digital versatile disk) • The differences are their capacity and speed • Burning a pit into the photosensitive material using a low-power laser to represent data • The presence of a pit causes light to reflect and signifies a one • The absence of reflection signifies a zero • Usage • Playing music and video • Nonvolatile

  10. Video Display • Type • CRT(cathode ray tubes) • LCD(liquid crystal display) • Illuminating small spots on the screen called pixels todisplay image • CRT monitor • The dot pitch: the distance between pixels on the screen • The smaller the dot pitch, the sharper and brighter the screen image • LCD monitor • Thepixel pitch: the distance between pixels on the screen • The smaller the pixel pitch, the sharper and brighter the image will be • Optimal resolution • The size of the screen, the dot or pixel pitch, etc.

  11. Input, Process, Output, and Storage Hardware

  12. Computer Data and Instruction - I • Binary digits (bits) • Zero or one • Closed or open of a switch • Orientation of a magnetic field • Light reflection of a optical media • Represent data and instruction • Byte: 8-bit • Numbers, characters, currency amounts, photos, recordings, or whatever

  13. Bits Are Easy to Represent Physically

  14. Important Storage-Capacity Terminology

  15. Computer Data and Instruction - II • Instruction set: a collection of instructions for directing computer process • Microsoft Windows: Intel instruction set by Intel Corporation • Macintosh computers: PowerPC instruction set using Powerful PC processor • Macintosh computers: either Intel or PowerPC processor starting 2006

  16. CPU and Memory - I • Motherboard: a circuit board mounted and/or connected with processing components • Main memory • RAM (random access memory) • Volatile • A set of cells holding bytes of data or instruction • Each cell has a address for identification • Speed and amount • House OS, application programs, and data

  17. CPU and Memory - II • Cache memory • Very fast and expensive memory to improve overall throughput of the CPU • Stores frequently used data, intermediate results, and the most frequently used computer instructions • CPU reads instructions and data from main memory and writes data to main memory via a data channel(bus) • CPU speed • Cycles per second, or hertz (3.0 gigahertz or 3.0 GHz or 3 billion cycles per second) • Data transfer speed • The speed of main memory • The speed and width of the data bus • The wider the bus (by no. of bits), the more data transferring

  18. Computer Performance • Memory swapping • A request to the operating system to store data in RAM and there is not enough free memory to store the requested data • The operating system has to remove something to make space • Slow down the performance • Adding more main memory to substantially improve the computer performance

  19. Software • Operating system (OS) • Application software

  20. Operating System • Types • Windows for business users • Mac OS for arts community • Unix for scientific and engineering community • Linux developed by open-source community for web servers • Own versus License issue

  21. Application Software • In terms of source • Off-the-shelf • Custom software • in house or consultant • Difficulty and risky • In terms of capability • Horizontal-market application software for all organization and industry • Vertical-market application software for specific industry • Firmware • Software installed into the device • Print server, communication devices, etc.

  22. Computer Virus • A computer program that replicates itself, consumes the computer’s resources, take unwanted and harmful actions • Payload: the program code causing unwanted activity • Type • Trojan horse • Macro virus • Worm • Prevention • Download • Email • File extension • Antivirus • OS patch

  23. Discussion • Security (53a-b) • How to enforce employees to follow the antivirus policy and procedure in any organization? • State your opinions related to the statement “the viruses are developed by the antivirus software vendor.” • Opposing forces (57a-b) • State your opinions related to the statement “the new computer products are the conspiracy between hardware and software vendors to ripe off consumers.” • Ethics (61a-b) • State your opinions about the major impacts in terms of social, entertainment, government, and business operations by implementing the TCG/NGSCB (Trusted Computing Group/Next Generation Secure Computing Base)

  24. Case Study • Case 3-1 not 6 and 9 (69-70) • Case 3-2 only 1 and 2 (70-71)

  25. Points to Remember • Computer • Hardware • Computer Data and Instruction • CPU (Central Processing Unit) and Memory • Computer Performance • Software • Computer Virus • Discussion and Case Study

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