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Is There “Room in it”?

Is There “Room in it”?. A Symbiotic Journey Inside The Cow By Jackie Garfield & Matt Micari. In the next 20 minutes, we’ll…. Define Ruminant Examine digestive system of cattle Discuss the symbionts Describe the new metabolism Explain how Infection occurs. What is a Ruminant?.

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Is There “Room in it”?

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  1. Is There “Room in it”? A Symbiotic Journey Inside The Cow By Jackie Garfield & Matt Micari

  2. In the next 20 minutes, we’ll… • Define Ruminant • Examine digestive system of cattle • Discuss the symbionts • Describe the new metabolism • Explain how Infection occurs

  3. What is a Ruminant? • Ruminant: (n.) any of the various cud-chewing mammals having a stomach divided into four compartments. • Cows, sheep, moose, goats, antelope, and camels

  4. Follow the food…

  5. The Reticulum… • Has thick walls and is puncture resistant • Acts as a sieve • Food is separated into layers of liquid and solid material • The solids, known as cud, are regurgitated, rechewed, & reswallowed 500 times/day

  6. The Rumen A Fermentation Vat Volume: 180-240L Temp: 38- 42º C pH: 6.4 to 7.2

  7. Rumen Microflora Unlike other symbioses, the focus is not the specificitybut the variety of microbial symbionts

  8. Rumen Bacteria • All three types of bacteria - Cocci, Rod, & Spirllia - are present • Use cellulose, hemi-cellulose, starch, sugars, intermediate acids, proteins, and lipids. • They regulate overall fermentation by reducing CO2 with H2 gas to form methane. Attachment of rumen bacteria on rice

  9. Protozoa • Ingest bacteria for their protein source • Control bacteria numbers in the rumen Genera of Protists Eu  EudiplodiniumEp  EpidiniumEn  EntodiniumD  DaystrichiaO  OstracodiniumEl  Enoplastron.

  10. Rumen Fungi • Degrade cellulose and xylans • Aid in fiber digestion Anaeromyces

  11. New Metabolism of the Ruminant • Almost all glucose produced by breaking down cellulose is used by the symbiotic bacteria. • Ruminants get their energy from the volatile fatty acids produced by bacteria: acetate, propionate & butyrate.

  12. Interconnected environments • Contents in the rumen are not homogenous • New & old material are pushed by contractions & settle into different layers

  13. Microbial Environments

  14. Liquid Phase • Free living microbes feed on soluble carbohydrates and protein • 25% of microbial mass

  15. Solid Phase • Microbes digest insoluble polysaccharides like starch and fiber • 70% of microbial mass

  16. Microbial Attachment • Microbes attach to rumen epithelial cells or protozoa • Ensures consistant population numbers • 5% of microbial mass Bacterial attachment to the bovine rumen epithelium http://www.ncl.ac.uk/camb/research/

  17. The Omasum • Only small particles of food pass into the omasum • Also called the Butcher’s Bible • Contains many folds to increase the surface area • Water, electrolytes & more VFA’s are absorbed

  18. The Abomasum • The true stomach • Walls of the stomach secrete enzymes & HCl • pH around 2.5 • Proteins from microbes and remaining feed are broken down

  19. The Final Journey • To the small and large intestines and beyond……

  20. The next generation…. • Does not have a developed rumen • Becomes infected with microbes from drinking from udders of mother and grooming • Rumen develops due to microbe activity as diet changes

  21. In Review • Name 2 ruminants. • What are VFA’s and why are they important to the ruminant? Antelopes, goats, sheep, camels, & moose • What are the four compartments of the ruminant stomach? Reticulum, Rumen, Omasum, & Abomasum Volatile fatty acids / Energy source for cow

  22. The End

  23. Works Cited • 29 Oct. 2005 <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Billy_goat.jpg/250px-Billy_goat.jpg>. • 29 Oct. 2005 <http://www.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/Classes/ASC106/media/RUMEN.GIF>. • 29 Oct. 2005 <http://www.mekarn.org/procbuf/wanapat_files/image010.jpg>. • 29 Oct. 2005 <http://www.r2gdesign.com/photogalleries/alaska/images/moose-in-the-midst-2.jpg>. • "Cow Rumen." Microbe Zoo: Animal Pavilion. Michigan State University. 05 Oct. 2005 <http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/zacmain.html>. • Fincannon, Karen. Folk Sheep. Art Works. 29 Oct. 2005 <http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.karenfincannon.com/bigsheep.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.karenfincannon.com/sheeppaint.htm&h=351&w=500&sz=37&tbnid=Pw3AfZYO4gwJ:&tbnh=89&tbnw=127&hl=en&start=8&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsheep%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D>. • "Focus on Milk: Rumen management is just as crucial at grazing." CMP Information Ltd Farmers Gardian 29 Apr. 2005: 82. Lexis Nexis. Boston University Mugar Library, Boston. 05 Oct. 2005. Keyword: rumen microflora. • Frankenberg, C., J. F. Meirink, M. Van Weele, U. Platt, and T. Wagner. "Assessing Methane Emissions from Global Space-Borne Observations." Science 308 (2005): 1010-1014. 05 Oct. 2005. • Hooper, Lora V., Melissa H. Wong, Anders Thelin, Lennart Hansson, Per G. Falk, and Jeffrey I. Gordon. "Molecular Analysis of Commensal Host-Microbial Relationships in the Intestine." Science 291 (2001): 881-884. 05 Oct. 2005.

  24. Ishler, Virginia, Jud Heinrichs, and Gabriella Varga, comps. "From Feed to Milk: Understanding Rumen Funtion." McGill University. 05 Oct. 2005 <http://animsci.agrenv.mcgill.ca/courses/450/extra/feed_to_milk/rumen.html>. • Khalil, Mohammad. Omasum. 29 Oct. 2005 <http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab21/Examples/exomasum.htm>. • Ed Mackie, Roderick I., and Bryan A. White. Gastrointestinal Microbiology. Chapman and Hall: New York. 1997. Ch 3, 10, & 11. • McNaught, Megan. "First weeks are critical." Nationwide News Pty Limited Weekly Times (Australia) 27 July 2005, sec. Dairy: 105. Lexis Nexis. Boston University Mugar Library, Boston. 05 Oct. 2005. Keyword: rumen microflora. • Pigden, W. J., and F. Bender. "Utilization of lignocellulose by ruminants." World Animal Review (1978). 05 Oct. 2005 <http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/004/X6512E/X6512E00.HTM>. • Russell, James B., and Jennifer L. Rychlik. "Factors that Alter Rumen Microbial Ecology." Science 292 (2001): 1119-1122. 05 Oct. 2005. • Stallings, Charles C. "Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP)." Virginia Cooperative Extension: Knowledge for the Commonwealth. Jan. 2002. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 05 Oct. 2005 <http://www.ext.vt.edu/news/periodicals/dairy/2002-01/rumen.html>. • Yokoyama, Mel. Numbers of Different Rumen Microbes. Microbe Zoo. 05 Oct. 2005 <http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/zacmain.html>.

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