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A Gallery Of Dyadic Concordance Type ( DCT) Graphics Murray A. Straus

A Gallery Of Dyadic Concordance Type ( DCT) Graphics Murray A. Straus Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 603-862-2594 murray.straus@unh.edu To download papers on DCTs, click http ://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/ CONTENTS

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A Gallery Of Dyadic Concordance Type ( DCT) Graphics Murray A. Straus

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  1. A Gallery Of Dyadic Concordance Type (DCT) Graphics • Murray A. Straus • Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire • Durham, NH 03824 603-862-2594 murray.straus@unh.edu • To download papers on DCTs, click http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/ • CONTENTS • PART A. Percent Of Relationships In Each DCT • 1. Physical Assault • 2. Injured Partner • 3. Sexually Coerced • 4. Psychological Aggression • 5. Other Maladaptive Behavior • 6. Concordance Between Parents In Child Socialization • PART B. Effects Of Being In each DCT • 1. Relation of Couple DCTs To Partner Problems • 2. Relation of Parent Behavior to Child Problems

  2. PART A Percent Of Relationships In Each DCT 1. Physically Assaulted Partner

  3. Dyadic Concordance Types for Minor Assault U.S. National Comorbidity Study (N=8,098) Prevalence Men 21% Women 23% % Female Respondents Male Respondents Kessler, R. C., Molnar, B. E., Feurer, I. D., & Appelbaum, M. (2001). Patterns and mental health predictors of domestic violence in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. International Journal Of Law And Psychiatry, 24(4-5), 487-508.

  4. Dyadic Concordance Types for Severe Assault U.S. National Comorbidity Study (N=8,098) Prevalence Men 6% Women 8% % Female Respondents Male Respondents Kessler, R. C., Molnar, B. E., Feurer, I. D., & Appelbaum, M. (2001). Patterns and mental health predictors of domestic violence in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. International Journal Of Law And Psychiatry, 24(4-5), 487-508.

  5. Violence Between Parents Of University Students In 15 Nations * 14% of parents had one or more violent incidents when student was 10 * Among this 14%: ~ Predominant pattern was Both-Violent ~ Next was Father-Only, ~ Mother-Only almost as high Couple Prevalence: 14% Note: Data for parents as reported by students Same as slide 11 Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2013). Mutuality, severity, and chronicity of violence by Father-Only, Mother-Only, and mutually violent parents as reported by university students in 15 nations. Child Abuse Negl. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.004

  6. Dyadic Concordance for Any & Severe Assault, 1,157 University Student Couples Comparison CTS Short-Form and Full CTS2 ANY ASSAULT SEVERE ASSAULT *Couple Prevalence according to: Short Form: 19% Full Form: 31% *Couple Prevalence according to: Short Form: 6% Full Form: 12% Straus, M. A. and E. M. Douglas (2004). "A short form of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and typologies for seventy and mutuality." Violence and Victims 19: 507-520.

  7. 2. Injured Partner

  8. Dyadic Concordance In Injury 180 Couples In Military Treatment Program For Domestic Violence Couple Injury Prevalence 65% % Any Injury Perpetrated Medical Treatment Needed Cantos, Arthur L., Neidig, Peter H., & O'Leary, K Daniel. (1994). Injuries of women and men in a treatment program for domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 9(2), 113-124.

  9. Dyadic Concordance Types for Injury As Reported By Men And Women Age 24-33 (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health N=4,795) Couple Prevalence according to: Males: 4% Females: 4% % Note: DTs are for the sub group of couples in which there was assault Dyadic Concordance Types Type Tillyer, M. S., & Wright, E. M. (2014). Intimate Partner Violence and the Victim-Offender Overlap. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51(1), 29-55. doi: 10.1177/0022427813484315

  10. Dyadic Concordance In Injury Among 481 University Student Couples Couple Prevalence according to: Males: 11% Females: 9% % Dyadic Concordance Types Type Hines, D. A., & Saudino, K. J. (2003). Gender Differences in Psychological, Physical, and Sexual Aggression Among College Students using the revised Conflict Tactics Scales. Violence & Victims, 18(2), 197-217.

  11. 3. Sexual Coercion

  12. Dyadic Concordance In Past Year Sexual Coercion Probability sample of 3,496 adults Age 18-64 In Six European Cities Couple Prevalence According to: Men: 23% Women: 19% % Male Respondents Female Respondents Costa, Diogo, Hatzidimitriadou, Eleni, Ioannidi-Kapolou, Elli, Lindert, Jutta, Soares, Joaquim, Sundin, Örjan, . . . Barros, Henrique. (2014). Intimate partner violence and health-related quality of life in European men and women: findings from the DOVE study. Quality of Life Research, 1-9. doi: 10.1007/s11136-014-0766-9

  13. Dyadic Concordance In Sexual Coercion As Reported By 2016 Spanish High School Students Prevalence Men= 27% Women= 11% % Female Respondents Male Respondents Fernández-González, L., O’Leary, K. D., & Muñoz-Rivas, M. J. (2014). Age-Related Changes in Dating Aggression in Spanish High School Students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(6), 1132-1152. doi: 10.1177/0886260513506057 dy Of Social Problems annual meeting, New York 8 August 2013. .

  14. Dyadic Concordance In Sexual Coercion Among 194 Beijing China Couples Couple Prevalence: 24% % Dyadic Concordance Type Hou, J., Yu, L., Ting, S.-M., Sze, Y., & Fang, X. (2011). The Status and Characteristics of Couple Violence in China. Journal of Family Violence, 26(2), 81-92. doi: 10.1007/s10896-010-9343-3

  15. Dyadic Concordance In Any Sexual Coercion By 1,157 University Students Comparison of CTS Short-Form with Full CTS2 Prevalence Short: 13% Full: 20% % Short Form Full Form Straus, M. A. and E. M. Douglas (2004). "A short form of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and typologies for seventy and mutuality." Violence and Victims 19: 507-520.

  16. 4. Psychological Aggression Against Partner

  17. Dyadic Concordance In Psychological Aggression Among 194 Beijing China Couples Couple Prevalence: 55% % Dyadic Concordance Type Hou, J., Yu, L., Ting, S.-M., Sze, Y., & Fang, X. (2011). The Status and Characteristics of Couple Violence in China. Journal of Family Violence, 26(2), 81-92. doi: 10.1007/s10896-010-9343-3

  18. Dyadic Concordance Types Of Frequent Psychological Aggression (50th & 80th Percentile) by 6,002 Couples in 2ndNational Family Violence Survey Female Male 50th Percentile Couple Prevalence: 17% Couple Prevalence: 62% % Dyadic Concordance Types Type Straus, Murray A. (2014). Dyadic Concordance Types And Discordance In Three Partner Abuse Behaviors And Other Problematic Behavior By Male And Female Partners  In A National Sample Of  American Couples. Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire. Durham, NH. (For sample description, see Gelles, R., & Straus, M. A. (1988). Intimate violence: The causes and consequences of abuse in the American family. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.)

  19. Dyadic Concordance In Psychological Aggression By 202 Couples In First Year Of Marriage Prevalence 36% Prevalence and DTs used data provided by partner who reported a greater frequency of psychological aggression Cut point for Psychological Aggression: 3 or more times in past year % Panuzio, J., & DiLillo, D. (2010). Physical, Psychological, and Sexual Intimate Partner Aggression Among Newlywed Couples: Longitudinal Prediction of Marital Satisfaction. Journal of Family Violence, 25(7), 689-699. doi: 10.1007/s10896-010-9328-2

  20. 5. Other Types Of Maladaptive Behavior

  21. Dyadic Concordance Types For Drunkenness (Any & 3 +) in Past Year 6,002 Couples in the 2nd National Family Violence Survey Any Drunkenness Couple Prevalence: 34% Respondents Male Female % % Dyadic Concordance Types Type Straus, Murray A. (2014). Dyadic Concordance Types And Discordance In Three Partner Abuse Behaviors And Other Problematic Behavior By Male And Female Partners  In A National Sample Of  American Couples. Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire. Durham, NH. (For sample description, see Gelles, R., & Straus, M. A. (1988). Intimate violence: The causes and consequences of abuse in the American family. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.)

  22. Dyadic Concordance Types For Non-Family Aggression 6,002 Couples in the 2nd National Family Violence Survey Couple Prevalence: 13% % Dyadic Concordance Types Straus, Murray A. (2014). Dyadic Concordance Types And Discordance In Three Partner Abuse Behaviors And Other Problematic Behavior By Male And Female Partners  In A National Sample Of  American Couples. Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire. Durham, NH. (For sample description, see Gelles, R., & Straus, M. A. (1988). Intimate violence: The causes and consequences of abuse in the American family. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.)

  23. Dyadic Concordance In Low Social Participation By Parents Of 158 Children In 3rdGrade Prevalence 62% Mother-father r-=.63 Lows social Participation-Degree of participation of respondent in formal and informal social relationships. Example: About how many times in the past year have you attended meetings or affairs of any local organizations, societies or clubs? 0. 13+, 1. 7-12, 2. 4-6, 3. 1-3, 4. none. % Eron, L., et al. (1961). "Comparison of data obtained from mothers and fathers on childrearing practices and their relation to child aggression." Child Development 32: 457-472.

  24. 6. Concordance Between Parents In Child Socialization

  25. Concordance Between Parents In Verbal Affection To Them As Recalled By 2,548 18-25 Year Old Individuals • Prevalence Affection by one or the other parent: 83% • Chart shows which parent did it. % Polcari, A., Rabi, K., Bolger, E., & Teicher, M. H. (2014). Parental verbal affection and verbal aggression in childhood differentially influence psychiatric symptoms and wellbeing in young adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(1), 91-102. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.003

  26. Dyadic Concordance In Rejection By Parents, At Or Above 60th Percentile As Reported By University Students In 15 Nations Prevalence of childhood rejection of Men: 53% Women: 57% The high rate is because child was classified as rejected if either parent’s rejection score was at or above 60th percentile. The bars indicate the % of that subgroup in each type % Female Students Male Students Unpublished data from International Parenting Study. Sample is described in Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2014). Mutuality, severity, and chronicity of violence by Father-Only, Mother-Only, and mutually violent parents as reported by university students in 15 nations. Child Abuse Negl, 38(4), 664-676. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.004

  27. Concordance Between Parents in Corporal Punishment At Age 10 of University Students in 15 nations (N=11,408) % Of Families Straus, M.A. Crime by University Students In 15 Nations: Links To Spanking And Positive Parenting At Age 10 By Father, Mother, And Both Parents. Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology annual meeting. Atlanta, Georgia. 22 November, 2013

  28. Concordance Between Parents In Spanking 3 Year Old Children in The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n=1,997) Spanked in past month: 65% % Dyadic Concordance Type Taylor, C. A., Lee, S. J., Guterman, N. B., & Rice, J. C. (2010). Use of Spanking for 3-Year-Old Children and Associated Intimate Partner Aggression or Violence. Pediatrics, 415-424.

  29. Dyadic Concordance Types For High Punishment of Child for Dependency By Parents Of 158 Children In 3rdGrade Prevalence 72% Mother-Father r= -.04 Punishment for Dependency-Rewards and punishments of various intensities administered by socializing agent when child asks for help. Ex- ample: What do you usually do when NAME asks for help? (Each response was rated by three % Eron, L., et al. (1961). "Comparison of data obtained from mothers and fathers on childrearing practices and their relation to child aggression." Child Development 32: 457-472.

  30. PART B • Effects Of Being In each • Dyadic Concordance Type • Relation of Couple DCTs To • Partner Problems

  31. Re Figure 3. Relation Of Concordance In Assault Between Partners To Depression Of 1,026 Predominantly Low Income Men Presenting At Urban Public Hospital Emergency Room Couple assault rate 37% Depression Dyadic Concordance Type Rhodes, Karin V., Houry, Debra, Cerulli, Catherine, Straus, Helen, Kaslow, Nadine J., & McNutt, Louise-Anne. (2009). Intimate Partner Violence and Comorbid Mental Health Conditions Among Urban Male Patients. Annals of Family Medicine, 7(1), 47-55. doi: 10.1370/afm.936

  32. Relation Of Concordance In Abuse Of Partner* To Depression At Previous Interview • * Abuse=one or more times: • Threatened assault • Assault • Insisted on sex • Injured partner • Men Women • Depression mean 9.67 11.1 • Abused partner % 43% 50% Depressive symptoms Dyadic Concordance Type Renner, L. M., & Whitney, S. D. (2012). Risk factors for unidirectional and bidirectional intimate partner violence among young adults. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(1), 40-52. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.07.007

  33. Relation of Dyadic Concordance In Partner Assault To Depression Dating Relationships Of University Students In 15 Nations (N=11,408) WHO Depression Scale Percentile Women Men • No Violence: Women higher in depression than men • Among Victims: Women victims higher in depression than male victims • Among Perpetrators: Male perpetrators higher in depression than female • Both Assault, i.e. both are victims and also perpetrators: Men higher in depression

  34. Relation of Dyadic Concordance In Lifetime Sexual Coercion To Poor Mental Health Probability sample of 3,496 adults Age 18-64 In Six European Cities) Note: Dependent variable is positive Mental Health Mental Health (T score) Dyadic Concordance Type Costa, Diogo, Hatzidimitriadou, Eleni, Ioannidi-Kapolou, Elli, Lindert, Jutta, Soares, Joaquim, Sundin, Örjan, . . . Barros, Henrique. (2014). Intimate partner violence and health-related quality of life in European men and women: findings from the DOVE study. Quality of Life Research, 1-9. doi: 10.1007/s11136-014-0766-9

  35. 2. Relation of Parent Behavior to Child Problems

  36. Rejection By Parents Is Associated With Criminal Beliefs, Especially When Both Parents Are Perceived As Rejecting % with high score on Criminal Beliefs scale • Male students are more likely to have criminal beliefs • Criminogenic effect of rejection by mothers and by fathers about the same • Effect of parental rejection is very small for female students • Example of Criminal Beliefs scale question: It is ok to buy something you knew was stolen Dyadic Concordance Types of Parental Rejection * *Among students with rejection scores 60th percentile for one parent.

  37. Each Dyadic Concordance Type For Violence Between Parents Is Associated With A Different Probability Of The Child Later Assaulting A Partner Dyadic Concordance In Assault Between Parents At Time 1 Percent Increase in Probability Of Assaulting Current Partner Fehringer, J. A., & Hindin, M. J. (2008). Like Parent, Like Child: Intergenerational Transmission of Partner Violence in Cebu, the Philippines. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(4), 363-371. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.08.012

  38. When Children Are Exposed To Violence Between Parents, The Dyadic Type Make A Difference In he Probability Of Intergenerational Transmission • Both-Assault type: the most intergenerational transmission • Other studies seem to show that it is the Father-Only type because that is the only type studied • “sex of parent by sex of child” effect: • For boys, Father-Only more associated with assaulting a partner than Mother-Only DT • For girls, mother-only more associated with assaulting a dating partner • Example of DTs improving studies of children’s exposure parental Violence Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2012). Relation of violence between parents of university students in 15 nations to student criminogenic beliefs and crime: A comparison of father-only, mother-only, and mutual parental violence Paper presented at the American Society Of Criminology annual meeting, Chicago, 15 November, 2012.

  39. Both-Violent is most criminogenic • When only one parent assaulted: • Assaults: Mother-Only & Father-Only had similar effects • Arrests: Father-Only more criminogenic than Mother-Only • Straus, M. A. (1992). Children as witnesses to marital violence: A risk factor for life long problems among a nationally representative sample of American men and women. In D. F. Schwartz (Ed.), Children and Violence: Report of the Twenty Third Ross Roundtable on Critical Approaches to Common Pediatric Problems (pp. 98-109). Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories.

  40. Violence Between Parents Is Associated With Child Hitting Parents, Especially If Mother Was the Only Parent Who Assaulted Ulman, A., & Straus, M. A. (2003). Violence by children against mothers in relation to violence between parents and corporal punishment by parents. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 34(1), 41-60. Fig 3, p. 53

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