GLOBALIZATION OF ECONOMICS AND DEVELOPMENT

1. GLOBALIZATION OF ECONOMICS AND DEVELOPMENT Prof. Anna Nedyalkova DSc Eleonora Tankova PhD

2. Module 1 From ECONOMICS to GLOBALIZATION OF ECONOMIS AND DEVELOPMENT WHY ?

3. Economics - The social science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services and with the theory and management of economies or economic systems. • Macroeconomics - The study of the overall aspects and workings of a national economy, such as income, output, and the interrelationship among diverse economic sectors. • Megaeconomics – It studies the interaction of national economies through comparative analysis of the economic systems. • International Economics - A branch of economics that studies economic interactions among different countries, including foreign trade (exports and imports), foreign exchange (trading currency), balance of payments, and balance of trade. The study of interational economics focusses on two related areas - international trade and international finance

4. Globalization – Interdisciplinary subject which relates to all branches and fields of knowledge • Main objectives of the study of Globalization of economics and development:THINK GLOBALLY AND ACT LOCALLY! So knowledge about globalization is important part of your academic knowledge !

5. Changed economic activity of the society • In our days no one sphere of life, including economic sphere can actindependent and isolated. All processes and events should be examined and understood in the broad sense of economic, political, social, ecological and demographic context, taking into account their interdependence. • The area of economic science is already too narrow to explain all the aspects of the complex and interdependence world.

6. Theories: Realities: • Huge complexity of the contemporary society; • A lot of conflicts and heterogeneity ; • New polarization of humanity after the end of the Cold War; • Global dissemination and importance of local events and processes. • Statements fora going process of global cohesion; • Available concepts for common standards and principles of development; • A lot of researches and publications concerning the problem ; Actuality and Significance of the Subject

7. Globalization of Economics and Development – Two Sites of One ProcessWHY? • The main spheres of life are inseparable; • Economics is one of these spheres of life; • The technological development fosters the development of all other spheres; • Simultaneousness development of communication technologies, culture, education and etc.; • Trends for universality of development; • Economic activity of the society has changed; • The universaland national development are tightly bounded Our choice is to examine globalization of economics in the broad context of development !

8. The Nature of Globalization • Till 19th century “global” meant “spherical”; • At the end of 19th century “global” meant “the whole world”; • 20th century “global” meant “definition of capacity and dissemination of events and processes”

9. About the process: Universality Internationalization Integration Generality Worldwide About the main key players/agents: Global companies International economic organizations Global markets The state Communication technologies Main key words

10. Some special features of globalization in present days • Growing interdependence of all processes • Establishing of a global financial-economic area • Information technologies - WWW • Change in the state’s functions – vanishing of the national boarders • Universality of the world – dissemination of the democratic system and socio – cultural values

11. Some conclusions • “Global” – a new scientific category, which treats the processes and events on a global scale • “Globalization” – an approach which expands and deepens the economic theory as well as other scientific fields • Subject of globalizations are: - global companies; - regional structures; - the state; - international economic organizations

12. Evidences • Civilizations – they have originated independently from one another and have had common standards and rules of life; • Religions – they have monotheistic character, universality of values and trends towards expansion of ideas; • Colonizational processes – they have similarity of reasons, forms and consequences: creation of one-sided economic relations; • From the great migration of peoples till now – there is a tendency for decreasing the uncertainty

13. Theoretical discussion about Globalization • Second half of 20th century – the global idea emerged in philosophy and political science. Then it was transferred to communications theory and finally conquered economic thinking; • The 90-ties – active discussion on the nature and essence of globality and globalization as a new stage of economics and world development. • The Roman Club – the report “Limits of growth” provoked the first serious discussion about globalization and raised the necessity to coordinate activities of all countries.

14. Influence of Globalization on different spheres of life • Economic – the trade roads were built; global companies started their functions; global economy and finance system have been created. • Political – tribes transformed to peoples, nations and states formed, after that regional unions and finally international authorities of governance. • Geographical – the great migration of peoples started, new lands were founded, empires created. • Ideological – unified social ideas spread on huge territories • Informational – the speech and writing were created, after that literature, finally massmedia and Internet

15. Common Characteristics of the Globalization Process • The dynamic development of the globalization process follows the development of the society. • As a phenomenon it has two levels – general civilization and formative ones • Contradictory process which has its positive and negative sides • It is pursued by anti-social phenomena

16. Change of the infrastructure and other related productions Change of the Economic structure of the labor market and of the budget Examples from reality • Attendance of new country to NATO: - it could be considered as a local event, but the reality is… Militaryproduction Weapon trading

17. Definitions of globalization • Globalization is a very high level of development of the globality of economics and life in the conditions and content of life activity expanding with a tendency for planetarism. • Globalization is a compression of time and space.

18. Module 2The role of the state Different statements: I. Against the State • Some scholars predict the “end” of national state power. • Some argue that the state may only adjust to globalization, without having an active role in it. • Some believe that the state will disappear. Michael Sandel; Charles Maynes; Zygmunt Bauman

19. The role of the state Which structures will replace the State? The answer of the scholars, who share these statements is: • The global companies or • The International organizations, such as UN, which has instruments for realizing global governance.

20. The role of the state II. In defense of the State The facts of practice show that the role of the state is increasing in all aspects of social life, including economics. Economic globalization does not remove the necessity for functioning of the state.

21. The role of the state Some arguments in defense of the state • The state has guaranteed internal and external security; • The state has underpinned the law; • The state has funded national welfare systems; • The state has provided the structures for popular representation • The state has built the framework for economic and social activities. So the state plays fundamental role in creating of institutional forms and strategies of globalization processes and supporting the process of capital concentration.

22. Two realities co-exist: • The so called borderless virtual world where geography does not count, and communication and business transactions can occur in a matter of seconds. 2. The other world is that of the everyday life of people in which borders still count, local realities are still complex and very different among themselves, and most fundamentally where social and economic problems still need to be addressed.

23. Why have not all countries benefited to the same extent from globalization? • Countries that do not have strong institutional framework, as well as solid social policies and networks to cope with negative externalities most suffer the negative effects of globalization. • External factors, such as the global trading environment, are crucial in creating greater opportunities or in posing constraints on a country’s economic growth.

24. Module 3REGIONALISM Regionalism originated along with globalization and approximately at the same time. Factors leading to the formation of regional structures during ages: • Political; • Geographical; • Religious; • Military and defense; • Economical.

25. REGIONALISM • 40-ties and 50-ties of XX century – new wave of regional structures in Europe: • 1948 – Organization for European economic Cooperation; • 1950 – European Coal and steel Community; • 1957 – European Economic Community; • 1959 – European Free Trade Association • 1949 – 1991 – Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (socialist countries) New factor for regional integration appears: according to the social system- the world was divided into two social systems. 40-ties and 50-ties - Economic stabilizationwas the leading idea

26. REGIONALISM • 80-ties – economic regional structures with mutual political, social or military and strategic goals: - EU; - ASEAN - NAFTA • 90-ties – the regional structures became even more closed with very clear mutual economic, social, cultural, educational etc. relations. They form the new structure of the world

27. REGIONALISM Economical aspects: • Similar economic development; • Common priorities; • Forming common economic model; • Regional competitiveness and comparative advantages in a global arena; • Common reaction to the risks of the environment

28. REGIONALISM Some conclusions: Objective, real, social and historical movement in which economic reasons dominate. They reflect and influence on political, cultural and educational activities. New international relations appear. Regionalism does not question the state and its future role.

29. REGIONALISM Some conclusions: • The new major integration processes of the epoch – globalization and regionalism – established themselves in the 90-ties. • Regionalism is an instrument of the state for attaining the further goals of globalization. • In present days globalization is realizing through regional structures.

30. Module 4Civilization basis of Globalization The analysis of the globalization should be made at two levels: • General civilization level • Formative level (social system) There is a clear dependence of globalization from the civilization model and from the dominated social system.

31. Civilization • Civilization is a complex society or culture group developed upon common or similar principles, with common or similar characteristics and marks. • Civilization is a system of nations and states which have had their own specific historic destiny in a long period of time. • Culture is a subsystem of civilization. In one civilization can develop and exist a lot of similar cultures with their national specifics.

32. The engines of the civilization progress are: • The permanent fight between man and nature for surviving and satisfying man’s needs. • Factors of progress – science, technologies, labor etc. • Factors of social conflicts – properties, capitals, territories.

33. Three mechanisms for society’s integration In each society the three mechanisms exist, but one of them dominates! Culture An integratedpattern ofhumanknowledge, beliefand behavior that depends upon thecapacity for symbolic thought and social learning Religion System of values, practices and norms, related to the idea of God. A composition of attitudes between God and man. Ideology System of ideas, which serve the politics,recommend public and political structure of thesociety and the type of relations between mad and authorities

34. These three mechanisms have four main functions in different societies: 1. Unite the individuals; 2. Create social capital, which makes easier the achievement of common aims; 3. Establish the authority’s functions and inequality; 4. Create life aims and ambitions.

35. When some of the three mechanisms does not work effectively, the society is in a condition of DESINTEGRATION! • Lack of trust; • Growing criminal activities; • A lot of anomalies; • The social processes are not managed; • The private interests dominate over the common values

36. Formative basis of Globalization Main features of the capitalistic system: • Intensified and strong competition between corporations and leading countries; • Technological contest – new form of competition; • The corporate secret and informational isolation; • The market economy and the state set different conditions for going off the globalization process; • Models of development – for each country they determine the aim and the character of the economic growth

37. Conclusions • Globalization manifests in different way at civilization and formative level. • At civilization level it should develop and enrich the humanity without breaking its diversity. • According to the social system of the country, different social and economic consequences are shown.

38. Module 5 Globalization- contradictions, tendencies and prospects

39. factors globalization contradictions tendencies GLOBALIZATION EFFECT Global shaping of economics regionalism Conclusions for Europe

40. Globalization is one of the forces of development putting the other factors of development and growth on a new basis and in new relations. • Globalization effect – the systematic result of the influence of the globalization on the other factors and forces of development

41. Systematic result of the influence of the globalization on the other factors and forces of development Globalization Effect To consider the effect of other development factors Research approach To consider the accumulated result General historical Factors economic Manifest on two levels Formative level (social system) non economic

42. On the general historical level globalization is effected by several main factors: - technical and technological progress; - quality and content of interaction between man and nature; - culture, media and communication; - organization of public production.

43. Within the frames of the social system, in our case the capitalist system, globalization takes place under the influence of the following factors: - market environment, market mechanisms - competition; - state; - international financial system; - surrounding natural environment

44. Technologies Media and communication Economics Globalization Culture Democracy and politics

45. The role of technological factor • Technologies are a product of science. • Technologies are materialized reality of science. • Technologies are socially neutral and all the conflicts that occur in society does not relate to technologies. The effect of and role of technologies in life depend on the way of application and the goals pursued.

46. Technologies – the main source for development • 17th century – scientific revolution – scientific knowledge was applied and machines were invented. • 18th century – the beginning of the industrial revolution. • 19th century - intensive application of science in the material production. • 20th century – inventing the computer and its using, replacing some functions of the machines

47. Technologies – the main source for development • 21th century – expansion and development of the functions of technology. Technology acquires also some social characteristics - new technologies can reproducebiological and mental functions.

48. The effects of technologies are: • A possibility and necessity for public production to go out of the national-state frames; • A possibility and necessity for the management of the society to be performed by means of information technologies and communication networks; • Acceleration of the synthesis between the results of R/D and the transfer of technologies; • Formation of a new type of consumer demand which can not be shut off within the frames of national markets

49. Industrialrevolutioncreated the global market Technologicalrevolution createdthe global societyand the global economy

50. Negative tendencies • Technological competition; • Technological dictate; • Technological determinism; • Technological imperialism; • There is no free movement of technology