Referencing & Bibliographies

1. Referencing & Bibliographies

2. When to reference • quoting the exact words of another writer • closely summarising a passage from another writer (paraphrasing) • using an idea or material which is directly based on the work of another writer <click>

3. Referencing styles • APA (American Psychological Association) • more information can be found at the INFO1010 Referencing page: • Harvard or Author-date • Chicago • MLA • Vancouver <click> http://www.newcastle.edu.au/library/info1010/apa.html

4. In-text referencing • acknowledge others’ work at the point it appears or is discussed in your essay • relies on reader getting the details from your bibliography or works cited list. <click>

5. APA style Intext referencing

6. In-text referencing • It’s there to referthe reader to the full details in the bibliography. • In-text referencing relies on the Bibliography or Reference list at the end of the article, chapter, etc. <click>

7. In-text referencing • one author: • Shaw (1995) compares various testing methods … OR • In a recent study of various testing methods (Shaw, 1995) ... • page numbers should be included only when using a direct quote <click>

8. In-text referencing • two authors: • Robinson and Jones (1997) discuss the implications of the major theories of … • One implication of these theories is that there may be a detectable increase in the rate of cooling in the earth (Robinson & Jones, 1997). <click>

9. In-text referencing • three, four or five authors: • cite all authors the first time, then for subsequent citations only use the surname of the first author followed by “et al.” • … are the major theoretical approaches (James, Larkin & Jones, 1998) • Which then becomes….. (James, et al., 1998). <click>

10. In-text referencing • Six or more authors: • Use et al each time: • Graham, et al. (1994) discuss the problems associated with … • … found to be the major problems (Graham, et al., 1994) • But use all the names in the bibliography <click>

11. In-text referencing • Where there is no author, use the title and publication date, e.g. Recent fossil discoveries have shown … (World of scientific discovery, 1994) • You need only use the first 3-4 words of a title - enough to distinguish it from other items in the Bibliography • Do NOT use Anon or Anonymous <click>

12. Secondary referencing • Sometimes you will read important information cited by someone else. In the in-text reference you need to mention the original author • Jones found that … (as cited in Miller 1996) • In the bibliography, you only include the work you read, ie only Miller. <click>

13. Reference Lists & Bibliographies • You must include • a Works cited list and • a Bibliography at the end of your report, • including full details of all the works cited • Works cited/Reference List • appears at the end of the essay and includes all the works cited within the essay itself in alphabetical order by author • Bibliography • includes the wider list of works that you read as background in your research but did not reference directly in the essay <click>

14. Bibliographies • Bibliographies must: • be in alphabetical order by author’s surname • list items without authors in alphabetical order by their title - do not list under “Anonymous” or “Anon” • have all the elements of the reference in the correct order • use consistent punctuation throughout <click>

15. Works cited / Bibliography <click>

16. Bibliography syntax There is a set pattern to when and how you put information in a bibliography, even down to the commas and full stops. This pattern repeats itself for most forms – books, articles, videos, web pages etc <click>

17. Bibliography syntax Author. Date. Title (ed). Place. Publisher Smith, J. (2000).Writing Reports (2nd ed.). Sydney: Booklist House, S. & Call, T. (1999) Reporting the research. New York: Bookers Cloak, P. (2001) Focus on reports Journal of Professional Writing 16,(2) 12-18 <CLICK>

18. Bibliography syntax Changes do not really disturb the order. Eg - no author? – the title takes the author’s place in the syntax. Title. Date. Place and Publisher Websters geographical dictionary. (1949). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster <click>

19. Books Author(s) or Editor(s). (Year of publication). Title.(Edition) if applicable*. Place of publication: Publisher. Jones, B. T. & Smith, N. V. (Eds.). (1982). Extinction. New York : Barnes and Ellis. * Only include the edition if it is not the first edition, e.g. (2nd ed.), (5th ed.), (rev.ed.) <click>

20. Chapters in books Author(s) of chapter. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In Editor(s) of book. Title of book.(page numbers of chapter).Place of publication:Publisher. <click> Schwartz, M. T. & Billoski, T. V. (1982) Greenhouse hypothesis: effect on dinosaur extinction. In B. T. Jones & N. V. Smith (Eds.). Extinction(pp. 175-189). New York: Barnes and Ellis.

21. Journal articles Author(s). (year of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, volume number, (issue number), month or season, page numbers. <click> Schwartz, M. T. (1976). Evolving ecosystems: role in dinosaur extinction. Nature, 12 (8), 16-17. only use if there is no issue number

22. Full-text journal articles from electronic databases Author(s). (year of publication) Article title. Title of journal, volume number (issue number), page numbers, Retrieved month day, year, from database name. <click> Wrubel, R. (1998). Biotechnology: right or wrong? BioScience, 48, 210-211. Retrieved March 9, 2000, from Expanded Academic ASAP database

23. Web pages • In-text referencing the same as printed items, i.e., (author, date) – (Louie, 1996) • Bibliography – Author(s). (year). Title. Retrieved month day, year, from: url <click> Louie, J. (1996). Earth’s interior. Retrieved August 13, 2002, from http://www.seismo.unr.edu /ftp/pub/louie/class/100/interior.html

24. No author • Some items have no author • particularly web pages and newspaper articles as well as some books • Title. (edition). (publication year). Place of Publication: Publisher. <click> Concise dictionary of biology (New ed.). (1990). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

25. No date • Some items have no date • frequent occurrence with web pages, and does happen in printed material • Use (n.d.) for no date <click> Strauss, S. (n.d.)Pilot fatigue. Retrieved July 31, 2000, from http://www.ozemail.com.au/~dxw/Pilot_Fatigue.html

26. Referencing in all formats • Regardless of the format you use for your assignment (essay, report, etc), you must acknowledge the sources of your information. • Most style guides do not give specific guidelines for sources in new formats (electronic), but the same principles apply. <click> <click>

27. Referencing in Powerpoint presentations • If you quote directly from a source ( a direct quote or images) in a powerpoint slide, you always need to cite the source • usually by including a note at the bottom of the slide • try to make the text of this note quite small (but still readable), so as not to intrude too much on the content of the slide • <click>

28. Referencing images • Images from sources other than clip art must be acknowledged • usually with a note under the image, whether this be in an essay, report, presentation or web page <click> From: Cartoon. (2000). Ariadne, (24). Retrieved on August 1, 2001 from http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue24/cartoon/