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What is RFID?

What is RFID?. RFID is a technology that uses radio-frequency waves to transfer data between a reader and a movable item to identify, categorize, track... RFID is fast, reliable, and does not require physical sight or contact between reader/scanner and the tagged item. What is RFID.

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What is RFID?

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  1. What is RFID? • RFID is a technology that uses radio-frequency waves to transfer data between a reader and a movable item to identify, categorize, track... • RFID is fast, reliable, and does not require physical sight or contact between reader/scanner and the tagged item Muhammad Wasim Raad

  2. What is RFID • Tag enters RF field • RF signal powers tag • Tag transmits ID, plus data • Reader captures data • Reader sends data to computer • Computer determines action • Computer instructs reader • Reader transmits data to tag Radio Frequency Identification Label (Transponder) Reader/Antenna (Interrogator) Computer Muhammad Wasim Raad

  3. RFID Primer • RFID Diagram: Antenna RF Module Reader Host Computer Note: The host is the software database... Muhammad Wasim Raad

  4. RFID Primer Antenna RFModule Reader Host Computer Note: The RF module createsradio frequency (RF). It receives and transmits RF through the antenna… Muhammad Wasim Raad

  5. RFID Primer Antenna RFModule Reader Host Computer Note: The RF module createsradio frequency (RF). It receives and transmits RF through the antenna… Muhammad Wasim Raad

  6. RFID Primer Antenna RF Module Tag Reader Host Computer Note: Tag (transponder) is interrogated by the antenna.... Muhammad Wasim Raad

  7. RFID Primer (Tag ID Communication) Antenna RF Module Tag Reader Host Computer Note: The antenna captures the tag ID number…first as analog RF waves, then it is converted to digital information. Muhammad Wasim Raad

  8. CPU I/O RAM ROM Radio Tx/Rx Pwr Supply CPU I/O RAM ROM Radio Tx/Rx Pwr Supply An RFID Tag Is A Portable Database …A sophisticated computing and communications device …A wireless extension of Information Systems Interrogation Unit Tag Micro Antenna Tx/Rx Computer Computer Network Muhammad Wasim Raad

  9. Inlays for RFID Tags for 13.56 Mhz Muhammad Wasim Raad

  10. Why use RFID ? • To determine authentication of a package • To provide automated traceability of an item Muhammad Wasim Raad

  11. Motivation of using RFID • Generate Revenue • Reduce operating costs Muhammad Wasim Raad

  12. The RFID Reader Anti-collision protocol Muhammad Wasim Raad

  13. What is RFID? -- The Tags • Tags can be read-only or read-write • Tag memory can be factory or field programmed, partitionable, and optionally permanently locked • Bytes left unlocked can be rewritten over more than 100,000 times Muhammad Wasim Raad

  14. What is RFID? -- The Tags • Tags can be attached to almost anything: • pallets or cases of product • vehicles • company assets or personnel • items such as apparel, luggage, laundry • people, livestock, or pets • high value electronics such as computers, TVs, camcorders Muhammad Wasim Raad

  15. Are All Tags The Same? Basic Types: • Active • Tag transmits radio signal • Battery powered memory, radio & circuitry • High Read Range (300 feet) • Passive • Tag reflects radio signal from reader • Reader powered • Shorter Read Range (4 inches - 15 feet) Muhammad Wasim Raad

  16. Are All Tags The Same? • Variations: • Memory • Size (16 bits - 512KBytes +) • Read-Only, Read/Write or WORM • Type: EEProm, Antifuse, FeRam • Arbitration (Anti-collision) • Ability to read/write one or many tags at a time • Frequency • 125KHz - 5.8 GHz • Physical Dimensions • Thumbnail to Brick sizes • Price ($0.50 to $250) Muhammad Wasim Raad

  17. Types of Tags - Memory Segmentation • Read Only (Factory Programmed) • WORM - Write Once, Read Many times • Reprogrammable (Field Programmable) • Read/Write (In-Use Programmable) Muhammad Wasim Raad

  18. What are chipless tags? • No IC • Use RF fibers or materials reflect reader’s signal producing unique serial no • Cost: 10-25 cents each • Tolerates wide range temperature • Less sensitive RF Muhammad Wasim Raad

  19. Chipless tags • 2.5% of RFID market • Expected to become 30% in 2010 • Chipless RFID smart labels have a range of 10 meters Muhammad Wasim Raad

  20. What is RFID? -- The Readers • Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed point such as • Entrance/exit • Point of sale • Warehouse • Readers can also be mobile -- tethered, hand-held, or wireless Muhammad Wasim Raad

  21. <150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz ) Advantages • Uses normal CMOS processing —basic and ubiquitous • Relative freedom from regulatory limitations • Well suited for applications requiring reading small amounts of data at slow speeds and minimal distances • Penetrates materials well (water, tissue, wood, aluminum) Muhammad Wasim Raad

  22. <150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz ) Disadvantages: • Does not penetrate or transmit around metals (iron, steel) • Handles only small amounts of data • Slow read speeds • Large Antennas -- compared to higher frequencies • Minimal Range Muhammad Wasim Raad

  23. <150 kHz (125 kHz & 134 kHz ) Disadvantages: • Tag construction: • is thicker (than 13.56 MHz) • is more expensive (than 13.56 MHz) • more complex (requires more turns of the induction coil) Muhammad Wasim Raad

  24. 13.56 MHz Advantages • Uses normal CMOS processing--basic and ubiquitous • Well suited for applications requiring reading small amounts of data and minimal distances • Penetrates water/tissue well • Simpler antenna design (fewer turns of the coil); lower costs to build • Higher data rate (than 125 kHz--but slower than higher MHz systems) • Thinner tag construction (than 125 kHz) Muhammad Wasim Raad

  25. 13.56 MHz Disadvantages • Government regulated frequency (U.S. versus Europe) • Does not penetrate or transmit around metals (unless very thick) • Large Antennas (compared to higher frequencies) • Larger tag size than higher frequencies • Tag construction: requires more than one surface to complete a circuit • Minimal Range Muhammad Wasim Raad

  26. RFID Applications • Petrol Service Stations • In Singapore, the Mobil petrol service stations has already introduced RFID technology to implement their Speed Pass system to enable drivers to fill up the petrol and drive away. All information will be gathered automatically through RFID smart tags and customers’ bills can be settled through the net. Muhammad Wasim Raad

  27. RFID Application in Petrol Service Station Muhammad Wasim Raad

  28. RFID Application in a Factory Canteen • it is very interesting to notice that in the factory canteen’s environment, RFID tags are attached at the bottom of the plates to identify the cooked food and its price. • The staff of the factory need only to pick up the food on the tray and place the tray on top of a RFID reader. • The RFID reader will identify the products and its price. The staff need only to place the cash card to pay for the food. Muhammad Wasim Raad

  29. Paperless Maintenance Senario at Frankfort Airport Muhammad Wasim Raad

  30. Configuration of RFID Antennas on doors in Metro ware house Muhammad Wasim Raad

  31. What is EPC (Electronic Product Coding)? • EPC is a globally unique serial number identifying individual item attached to it • Enables enquiries to be made about individual item wherever it is in the global supply chain Muhammad Wasim Raad

  32. The EPC Network • EPCglobal network enable immediate retrieval accurate trusted information • EPC network uses RFID+EPC + internet to allow trading partners to share this information securely Muhammad Wasim Raad

  33. Benefits EPCglobal RFID network • Faster and more precise reads • Accurate and trusted data • Lower inventory levels • Fewer out of stock • Better asset utilization Muhammad Wasim Raad

  34. Example and Structure of An EPC Number Muhammad Wasim Raad

  35. EPC Information Service Muhammad Wasim Raad

  36. EPC meets pharmaceutical supply chain Muhammad Wasim Raad

  37. Case Study:Logistics processes at HP Muhammad Wasim Raad

  38. Automotive production at BMW Muhammad Wasim Raad

  39. Event information in automotive process chain Muhammad Wasim Raad

  40. What is EAS(Electronic Article Surveillance)? • Books, hairdryers.. Bear small tags for theft prevention • Initially at book shelf tag has a bit of 0 • At point of sale sales clerk deactivate tags by setting bit to 1 Muhammad Wasim Raad

  41. Smart Shelves • Antennas have to be optimally placed on shelves • Still expensive, requires numerous readers • Smart shopper carts scan items and objects on shelves Muhammad Wasim Raad

  42. Privacy • Privacy bit on tag • Tags belong to consumers • If privacy bit=1 it will be invisible to readers • Readers watch on each other: private tag command • What is blocker tag? Muhammad Wasim Raad

  43. The privacy bit • Blocker tag command can prevent privacy violations before they occur • A blocker effectively jams readers that emit private-read commands • When it detects it, it simulates all possible RFID tags in the world rendering reader incapable Muhammad Wasim Raad

  44. Market Trend Muhammad Wasim Raad

  45. Cost • RFID readers: 1000$ • Tags: > 20 cents. • Active tags: 1$-5$ • Tags will become cost effective when production inlay very high • Only handful of quality suppliers Muhammad Wasim Raad

  46. Cost continue • Production methods and materials used to build RFID inlays being defined • Tag antennas metallic, very expensive and large size • Chip less Tags much cheaper: .1-10 cents Muhammad Wasim Raad

  47. Future of RFID Tags • Low cost active tags for locating & tracking objects with limited no of readers • Higher frequencies: Tags developed at Siemens lab: 2.5-24 Ghz, have batteries and range extend to several kilometers Muhammad Wasim Raad

  48. Future continue • Recently, Ultra WIDE BAND (ubw) can locate objects in 2 & 3 dimensions within few inches • Marketed for asset tracking in hospitals • The size of wristwatch, 40 grams • Indoor range: 300 feet Muhammad Wasim Raad

  49. Future: Science Fiction • Transparent packages will light up in moving color advertisement • Disposable smart labels will detect viruses and specific chemicals Muhammad Wasim Raad

  50. References • www.rfidjournal.com • RFID book by Steven Shepard, McGraw-Hill 2005-ISBN-0-07-144299-5 • www.gs1uk.org • RFID Field Guide Deploying Radio Frequency Identification systems By Manish Bhuptani-ISBN-0-13-185355-4 Muhammad Wasim Raad

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