THE HOLY LAND SINCE 1947

1. THE HOLY LAND SINCE 1947 IN SEARCH OF A PEACE

2. ARAB ANGER AT THE UN PLAN REVIEW: WHAT WAS THE UNITED NATIONS’ PLAN FOR ISRAEL? WHY WERE SO MANY ARABS ANGRY AT IT?

3. ISRAEL’S WAR OF LIBERATION • May 1948: Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria sent soldiers to help liberate the Palestinians. • Despite early success, the Israelis pushed back & forced to them to sign a truce giving Israel 80% of Palestine. • Most Palestinians fled to Jordan & Syria, where they became a refugee group of 750,000. At the same time, 700,000 Jews came to Israel under the Law of Return. MAJOR CONSEQUENCE ALERT: NO PALESTINIAN STATE (THEN OR NOW)

4. CYCLE OF VIOLENCE Because each side believes they are protecting their rights, each side feels justified (right) in attacking the other. This then causes retaliation by the other side. Cross border attacks by Fedayeen Cross border attacks by Israeli army. Fedayeen= Palestinian refugees who became guerrilla fighters

5. THE COLD WAR CONTEXT After World War II the world was divided between the American led capitalist nations and the Soviet led socialist nations. This ideological (ideas) war was known as the Cold War. Both sides used persuasion and force to gain control of the globe The United States and its allies supported Israel in her fight to survive The Soviet Union allied itself with many of the Arab nations in the Middle East

6. THE COLD WAR WORLD

7. THE SUEZ-SINAI WAR (1956) • Arabs waged economic warfare, boycotting Israeli goods. Shut off access to Suez canal. • Nasser (Egypt) wanted to unite Arabs, take back Palestine, and make Egypt a military leader • He got weapons from the Soviet Union (USSR) • USA and Britain then cut off loans to Egypt. Britain invaded the Suez zone with the help of the French and Israelis. • UN & US feared World War III would result so they cut off oil supplies to B, F, and I, who then retreated

8. THE SIX DAY WAR* (1967) Disagreements over land on the Syrian-Israeli border led to yet another conflict. Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, Iraq Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Sudan, Algeria vs Israel. VS An Israeli pre-emptive (expect someone to attack you so you attack first) strike at the enemies’ airfields really won the war in one day *Also known as the 8,640 minute war

9. CONSEQUENCES OF THE 518,400 SECOND WAR* Israel controlled Occupied Territories of Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the Golan Heights, and the West Bank. Arab countries demoralized (less hopeful) Most importantly, Palestinian people lost faith in the Arab countries to protect them. They would then turn to more radical groups, like Fatah and the PLO, for help** *Also known as the Six Day War **Major Consequence Alert

10. WAR BY OTHER MEANS Many hoped the UN would step in & force Israel to return the Occupied Territories, but an agreement never happened. Many militant, or violent, Palestinian organizations formed and stepped up their guerrilla attacks* on Israeli soldiers and civilians. Can you guess what Israel did? *A group that fights against an organized army

11. THE PLO AND FATAH Fatah: Palestinian National Liberation Movement PLO: Palestinian Liberation Organization Joined in 1967 and Yasir Arafat, the leader of Fatah, took over leadership of the PLO Arafat in 2006 Arafat in the Early days of Fatah

12. THE POPULAR FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF PALESTINE (PLFP) This group used hijackings of planes to get the world’s attention In 1970, 3 airplanes were hijacked and blown up at Dawson’s field in Jordan. This action caused some Arab governments to crackdown ( try to stop) on militant groups.

13. “When we hijack a plane it has more effect than if we killed a hundred Israelis in battle. For decades, world public opinion has been neither for or against Palestinians. It simply ignored us. At least the world is talking about us now”

14. “We are not terrorists. We do not bomb women and children. The world should know this. We are against Israel and imperialism. Nor are we against the Jews. We do not understand anti-Semitism, that is European. We want our land back. When a commando goes into Israel, he puts a bomb in a place defended by Israelis; he attacks offices and public places which are the centers of imperialism. The bombs are for the soldiers. If we place a bomb in a bus, it is a bus carrying soldiers, a military target. They are not civilians. If women and children are killed it is by mistake and we regret it, but we have no alternative.”-a Palestinian teenager

15. MUNICH 1972 • The group Black September took Israeli soldiers hostage at the 1972 Olympics. • In the attack and during the failed rescue attempt, 11 Israeli athletes were killed. • In response, the Israeli government sent its elite secret intelligence agency, the Mossad, to assassinate the people behind the attack

17. THE YOM KIPPUR WAR (1973) The new leader of Egypt, Anwar Sadat, set out to reverse Israeli gains from the Six Day War With the help of weapons from the USSR, Egypt & Syria attacked Israel during the holiest Jewish holiday, Yom Kippur. Despite providing weapons to the warring countries, both the US & USSR called for a ceasefire at the UN 175 shells per second Largest tank battle in the 20th century at Sinai

18. THE CAMP DAVID ACCORDS (1979) In a HUGE surprise, Sadat went to visit Israel and spoke at the Israeli parliament (the Knesset) in 1977. By doing so, Sadat had to admit that Israel existed as a country This visit led to further talks of peace, which brought about the Camp David Accords mediated by US President Jimmy Carter In exchange for peace, the Israelis agreed to leave the Sinai ANWAR SADAT

19. THE ASSASSINATION OF SADAT Angry Egyptian soldiers assassinated Sadat in 1981.

20. INTIFADA (1980s) Means “Uprising” Tactics (Methods) used by Palestinians Throwing Rocks Roadblocks Small arms attacks Assassinations & kidnapping were used by PLO

21. WHAT WAS GOING ON DURING THE INTIFADA? PLO Assassinations & kidnapping Attacks on Israel from southern Lebanon

23. OSLO PEACE ACCORD (1993) US President Bill Clinton with Yitzhak Rabin and Yasir Arafat in 1993 Rabin and Arafat met & came up with an agreement that gave Palestinians more rights in the Occupied Territories in exchange for PLO efforts to stop terrorism. However, key points of the conflict remained, and many of the accord’s points have not been followed

24. OSLO PEACE ACCORD (1993) • First face to face agreement between two groups • First time Palestinians groups said that Israel had the right to exist • Palestinian Authority- West Bank and Gaza • Security and civilian issues • 5 year plan for peace • Permanent issues such as Jerusalem, Palestinian refuges, borders, were deliberately excluded from the Accords (not decided)

25. RABIN KILLED BY AN ORTHODOX JEW

26. SECOND INTIFADA (2000-) Began when Israeli leader Ariel Sharon visited the Temple Mount, a Jewish and Muslim holy site. More attacks by Palestinians using remote controlled mines & suicide attacks Israeli rocket attacks, raids, and firing on unarmed Palestinians

29. ISRAEL AND LEBANON (2006) Hezbollah (a political party in Lebanon) paramilitary forces attacked 2 Israel Humvees patrolling the Lebanese border. 2 Israelis were killed, 2 wounded, & 2 taken prisoner Israeli air strikes killed 1000 Lebanese civilians. Hezbollah then launched rockets into Israel. UN ceasefire: called for Israel to withdraw from Lebanon and for the Lebanese government to disarm Hezbollah

30. ANTI-SEMITISM AND THE ARAB WORLD Anti-Semitism is anti-Jewish beliefs and actions Jews have been attacked and used as a scapegoat (group blamed for something not their fault) throughout their history Romans, Spanish, Germans, and Arabs Because of the formation of Israel, many Arabs believe that the Jews and Israel are evil and need to be destroyed. Some Islamic countries like Iran have expressed a desire to “wipe Israel off the map” and push the Jews into the sea.

31. ISRAEL AND IRAN President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad of Iran says he hopes to destroy Israel. He also claims that the Holocaust never happened. Iran wants to produce its own nuclear energy. Israel and the United States fear that Iran will use this power to make nuclear weapons to attack Israel. I will make Israel into Wasreal

34. Hamas Hamas • Calls for the destruction of Israel to replace it will a Islamic Palestinian state • Do not recognize Israel • Increased attacks after the Oslo Peace Accords • Majority power of the PA-2006 • Considered a terrorist/political group by Israel, US, Japan, Britain, Australia, Jordan 2007 Fatah and Hamas conflict • Combined but then started arguing over policy of Gaza • Fatah willing to negotiate with Israel-Hamas is not

36. Poverty- gets much food from UN Economic problems Intifada Loss of family members Strikes/boycott Destruction of property Loss support after Hamas won elections Travel Problems Over 500 road blocks in Gaza Life in Gaza/West Bank

38. Discussion Questions… • What started the Arab Israeli conflict? • Why does the conflict continue? • What steps have been taken to resolve conflict? • What is the intifada and what is its effect on both sides of the conflict? • How has the international community (other countries) gotten involved in this conflict?