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COMPONENTS, ELEMENTS AND CONTROLS OF CLIMATE (Lecture 1)

COMPONENTS, ELEMENTS AND CONTROLS OF CLIMATE (Lecture 1). Climate as a system. Spatial variations in climate. Climate as a system. Temporal variations in climate (Seasonal). Climate as a system. Temporal variations in climate (Seasonal). Climate as a system. Long-term changes in climate.

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COMPONENTS, ELEMENTS AND CONTROLS OF CLIMATE (Lecture 1)

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  1. COMPONENTS, ELEMENTS AND CONTROLS OF CLIMATE(Lecture 1)

  2. Climate as a system Spatial variations in climate

  3. Climate as a system Temporal variations in climate (Seasonal)

  4. Climate as a system Temporal variations in climate (Seasonal)

  5. Climate as a system Long-term changes in climate

  6. Climate as a system

  7. Components of the Climate System

  8. Radiation Scattering and Albedo

  9. Radiation Scattering and Albedo

  10. Eccentricity (orbital stretch) Shape of Earth’s yearly path around sun Earth’s orbit is not perfectly circular: elliptical shape Orbit shaped by gravitational pull of planets Eccentricity is NOT constant (~100ky & 400ky) Eccentricity is SECONDARY reason for seasons

  11. Eccentricity (orbital stretch) Affects amount of energy reaching Earth!

  12. Obliquity (axial tilt) The tilt of axis of rotation relative to the plane of the Earth’s orbit about the Sun

  13. Obliquity (axial tilt) Obliquity NOT constant: 22.1°-24.5° variation (~41ky) Affects global distribution of solar energy!

  14. Obliquity (axial tilt) The PRIMARY cause of the seasons

  15. Simple Change in Axial Tilt • No tilt, solar radiation always over equator • No seasonal change in solar radiation • Solstices and equinoxes do not exist • 90° tilt, solar radiation hits poles • Day-long darkness • Day-long light • Extreme seasonality

  16. Precession (Earth wobble) • Earth’s spin axis wobbles, gradually leaning in different directions • (direction of leaning or tilting changes through time)

  17. Precession (Earth wobble) Caused by gravitational pull of Sun + Moon • Earth’s rotational axis points in different • directions through time • One circular path takes 25,700 years

  18. Precession (Earth wobble) Earth’s wobble and rotation of its elliptical orbit produce precession of the solstices and equinoxes One cycles takes 23,000 years

  19. Precession (Earth wobble) Affects climate by changing the global distribution of solar energy Today VS 11,500 yrs ago

  20. OVERALL CLIMATIC EFFECT OF ORBITAL CHANGES

  21. Sunspots and Dustclouds Sunspot:

  22. END LECTURE 1

  23. CONTROLS OF CLIMATE(Lecture 2)

  24. Climate as a System

  25. Pressure DECREASES with height! (Think: swimming pool)

  26. Solar Radiation EARTH Atmosphere Energy and the Atmosphere

  27. Energy and Latitude

  28. Energy and Latitude Vs.

  29. Perpendicular Surfaces get More…

  30. Energy and Latitude

  31. Energy and Latitude Daily changes in insolation at the Earth’s surface The sun does not get bigger/hotter throughout the day… It just changes position!

  32. How does differential heating cause climate zones?

  33. Hadley Cells (super simple version)

  34. Hadley Cells (simple version) What causes multiple cells? Why do winds ‘curve’? What do all these have to do with climate and climate zones?

  35. End Lecture 2

  36. CONTROLS OF CLIMATEPart 2(Lecture 3)

  37. Hadley Cells (super simple version)

  38. Hadley Cells (simple version) What causes multiple cells? Why do winds ‘curve’? What do all these have to do with climate and climate zones?

  39. Coriolis Force Effect

  40. Coriolis Force Effect

  41. Coriolis, winds and cloud patterns

  42. Hadley Cells (simple version)

  43. Convergent/Divergent Zones Convergent Divergent (at Earth’s surface)

  44. Westerlies Trade Winds Easterlies 3 Main Pressure Belts

  45. ITCZ

  46. ITCZ and Equatorial Rainforests

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