15.1 Chemistry

1. 15.1 Chemistry

2. Water and Its Properties 15.1 • Water covers about three quarters of Earth’s surface. All life forms that are known to exist are made mostly of water. You will learn about the properties of water and what makes this unique substance essential to life on Earth.

3. 15.1 Water in the Liquid State • Water in the Liquid State • How can you account for the high surface tension and low vapor pressure of water?

4. 15.1 Water in the Liquid State • You could not live without water, nor could all the plants and animals on Earth.

5. 15.1 Water in the Liquid State • A water molecule is polar.

6. Water in the Liquid State • Animation 19 See how hydrogen bonding results in the unique properties of water.

7. 15.1 Water in the Liquid State • Polar molecules are attracted to one another by dipole interactions. The negative end of one molecule attracts the positive end of another molecule.

8. 15.1 Water in the Liquid State • The intermolecular attraction among water molecules results in the formation of hydrogen bonds.

9. 15.1 Water in the Liquid State • Many unique and important properties of water—including its high surface tension and low vapor pressure—result from hydrogen bonding.

10. 15.1 Water in the Liquid State • Surface Tension • The inward force, or pull, that tends to minimize the surface area of a liquid is called surface tension. • All liquids have a surface tension, but water’s surface tension is higher than most.

11. 15.1 Water in the Liquid State • Surface tension makes it possible for this water strider to walk on water.

12. 15.1 Water in the Liquid State • A surfactant is any substance that interferes with the hydrogen bonding between water molecules and thereby reduces surface tension.

13. 15.1 Water in the Liquid State • Vapor Pressure • Hydrogen bonding between water molecules also explains water’s unusually low vapor pressure. Because hydrogen bonds hold water molecules to one another, the tendency of these molecules to escape is low, and evaporation is slow.

14. Water in the Liquid State • Animation 20 Discover how some insects can walk on water.

15. 15.1 Water in the Solid State • Water in the Solid State • How would you describe the structure of ice?

16. 15.1 Water in the Solid State • As water begins to cool, it behaves initially like a typical liquid. It contracts slightly and its density gradually increases. When the temperature of the water falls below 4˚C, the density of water starts to decrease.

17. 15.1 Water in the Solid State

18. 15.1 Water in the Solid State • Hydrogen bonds hold the water molecules in place in the solid phase.

19. 15.1 Water in the Solid State • The structure of ice is a regular open framework of water molecules arranged like a honeycomb. • When ice melts, the framework collapses, and the water molecules pack closer together, making liquid water more dense than ice.

20. 15.1 Section Quiz. • 15.1.

21. 15.1 Section Quiz. • 1. Many of the unusual properties of water are the result of • hydrogen bonding. • nonpolar molecules. • low molar mass. • dispersion forces.

22. 15.1 Section Quiz. • 2. A surfactant causes water to spread out over a surface. This spreading occurs because the surfactant • attaches to the surface. • interferes with hydrogen bonding. • lowers the vapor pressure. • lowers the density of water.

23. 15.1 Section Quiz. • 3. Ice is less dense than liquid water because in ice the water molecules • expand because of weakened covalent bonds. • have a regular open honeycomb framework. • expand because of weakened hydrogen bonds. • have a more disorderly arrangement with lower density.

24. END OF SHOW