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Origins of American Government

This unit explores the political beginnings of the American government, including the influence of European explorers, settlers, and the English, as well as the concepts of ordered, limited, and representative government. It also examines important documents and events such as the Magna Carta, the Petition of Rights, the English Bill of Rights, and the colonial response to British policies, leading to the coming of independence.

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Origins of American Government

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  1. Origins of American Government Unit I, Section 2

  2. Our Political Beginnings

  3. The Beginning • North American Exploration Begins In Mid-16th Century • European explorers, traders, & settlers • French, Dutch, Spanish, Swedes, & the English • English settlers most numerous • Native American dominations begins to fade

  4. Basic Concepts of Government • English settlers brought their own traditions and customs • English law has deep roots in Middle Eastern & Ancient Roman Traditions • Brought ideas on government • Ordered Government • Limited Government • Representative Government

  5. Ordered Government • Orderly regulation of relationships is key • Creation of local offices; many still found today • Sheriff • Coroner • Assessor • Justice of the Peace • Grand Jury • Counties & Townships

  6. Limited Government • Government should not be all-powerful • Individual rights should not be touched by the government • These ideas have a strong hold in English government & law practice

  7. Representative Government • Government should serve the will of the people • People should have a voice in the government • Notion of “government of, by, and for the people”, took root in colonial America

  8. Legislative Bodies • Unicameral • One chamber/legislative house • Used in early colonial legislatures • Nebraska only state that has a unicameral legislature • Bicameral • Two chambers/legislative houses • Adopted from English Parliamentary system • House of Lords & House of Commons • American standard federally and with the States

  9. Landmark Documents & Events

  10. Magna Carta • Known as the “Great Charter” • Signed by King John in 1215 at Runnymede • Unhappy barons tired of heavy taxes and military campaigns • Pressured King John • Protection from unfair act by the Crown

  11. …Continued • The Magna Carta Included • Trial by jury • Due process • Protection of taking of life, liberty, or property • Intended for the upper classes • Evolved into including all classes • Est. that monarchial power was NOT absolute

  12. Petition of Rights • Magna Carta fell in and out of favor • Parliament began gaining more influence • 1628 Charles I asked Parliament for money • Parliament demanded he sign the “Petition of Rights” • Heavily limited King’s powers

  13. …Continued • Power Limitations • Imprisonment could not occur without a judgment by a jury of peers • No martial law in times of peace • No quartering of troops by private citizens • Challenged “Divine Right” • King subject to the laws as well

  14. The English Bill of Rights • 1688 saw the end of conflicts in England • William & Mary of Orange crowned • Called the “Glorious Revolution” • Parliament began drawing up the Bill of Rights • Officially accepted in 1689

  15. …Continued • English Bill of Rights included • Prohibition of a standing army during peace time • Parliament elections should be free • Prohibition of the Crown levying money • Petitions can be heard by the king • The Crown could no longer tamper with English Law • Right to a fair trial • No excessive bail or cruel/unusual punishment

  16. The English Colonies • 13 colonies est. over 125 years • Outposts & forts became thriving communities • Virginia,1607 • Jamestown • Commercial venture, company owned trading operation • Massachusetts, 1620 • Settled for religious freedom • Georgia, 1733 • Savannah • Haven for English debtors and petty criminals • Penal Colony

  17. The Coming of Independence

  18. Britain’s Colonial Policies • Colonies controlled by the Crown • Privy Council & Board of Trade in London • Parliament little interest in management (trade only) • Colonies under framework of royal control • London was over 3000 miles away • Self-government evolved • Colonial legislatures • Broad lawmaking power • Power of the purse

  19. …Continued • Development of a “Federal” system • London provided defense and dealt with foreign affairs • Colonies allowed to self rule, hardly taxed, and they ignored trade regulations

  20. George III • Began his reign in 1760 • More firm dealings with colonist • Enforced ignored regulations • New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies

  21. Colonial Response • “Taxation without representation” • Felt there was no need for stationed troops • French had been defeated in 1763 • The Government was across the ocean • Out of touch with colonial life • Saw themselves as British • The questions posed: Submit or Revolt?

  22. …Continued • The Stamp Act Congress • Crown’s tax and trade polices angered the Colonies • Stamp Act-1765 • Tax on legal documents, business agreements, & newspapers • “Taxation without representation” • October 1765-Stamp Act Congress meets • Colonies but GA, NH, NC, VA gathered in New York • Prepared “Declaration of Rights & Grievances” • Sent petition to the king • Parliament repealed the Stamp Act

  23. Tensions • Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London • Colonial boycott of English goods • Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods • March 5, 1770-Boston Massacre (5 Killed) • December 16, 1773-Boston Tea Party • Men dressed as Native Americans board three English ships in Boston Harbor • Dumped cargo overboard

  24. …Continued • Committees of Correspondence formed • Grew from the idea of Samuel Adams in Boston • Spread across colonies • Exchange of information among patriots

  25. The Congresses

  26. First Continental Congress • Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 • Punishment for Boston Tea Party • Sept. 5, 1774 • Congress meets in Philadelphia • GA did not attend • Political minds of the day • Prepared and sent Declaration of Rights to the king • Called for end of English trade until Acts repealed • Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May • Support grew over the months for FCC

  27. The Second Continental Congress • 1774-1775; British stand by colonial policies • Reaction to the Declaration of Rights • Stricter and more repressive measures • Congress • Met again in Philadelphia • May 10, 1775 • The Revolution had already begun • “Shot heard ‘round the world” • Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19

  28. …Continued • Representatives • All 13 colonies participated • Ben Franklin, John Adams, & John Hancock • Hancock picked as president of the Congress • Accomplishments • Continental Army Created • George Washington chosen as Commander-in-Chief • Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginia’s delegation

  29. Our First National Government • SCC forced to become the first national government • No constitutional base • Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous • Waves of growing public support • Served for 5 years (1776-1781) • Each Colony had 1 vote • Legislative & Executive power linked together

  30. …Continued • Accomplishments • Fought a war • Raised an army & navy • Borrowed money • Bought supplies • Created a monetary system • Negotiated treaties

  31. The Declaration of Independence • Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain • Resolution of June 7, 1776 • Committee picked to prepare Declaration • Adams, Franklin, & Jefferson • Work on Declaration of Independence • July 2, 1776, Delegates agreed to Lee’s resolution

  32. …Continued • July 4, 1776 • Declaration of Independence proclaimed • Independence declared in 1 paragraph • 2/3 speak of injuries by the Crown that led to revolt • Called for equality of all men • 56 men signed the final document

  33. The Critical Point

  34. The Articles of Confederation • Lee’s resolution called for the unifying of the States • Articles of Confederation created Nov. 15, 1777 • “Firm League of Friendship” • Each state would remain sovereign • Ratification came slowly • Delaware: February 1779 • Maryland: March 1781

  35. Government Structure • Simple government • Unicameral legislature • Delegates picked by their state • Each state had only 1 vote • No executive or judicial branches • Committees in Congress • Annual choice for President of the Congress • “Presiding Officer” of Congress not the U.S. • Civil officers appointed by Congress

  36. Powers of Congress • Make War & Peace • Send & Receive Ambassadors • Make Treaties • Borrow Money • Set Up a Monetary System • Establish Post Offices • Build a Navy • Raise an Army of State Troops • Fix Uniform Weights & Measures • Settle Disputes Between the States

  37. State Obligations • States would obey the Articles • Promised to provide funds and troops • Equality of all citizens • Full faith and credit to other state’s actions • Surrender fugitives • Submit disputes to Congress • Open travel & trade • Responsible for protection of life, property, & happiness of citizens

  38. Weaknesses • Congress Could Not Tax • Raise money through borrowing or asking the States • Borrowing became a poor choice • Revolutionary debt high and unpaid • States never met financial requests of Congress • No regulation of interstate trade • Lack of power to make states obey laws • 9-13 vote to pass laws • Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous • No amendments ever made

  39. The 1780’s

  40. At War’s End • Revolutionary War ended on October 19, 1781 • Treaty of Paris confirmed U.S. victory in 1783

  41. …Continued • Problems began to surface at home • Weak central government • Suspicion and jealousy between states • Refusal to support central government • States made agreements with foreign powers • Forbidden by the Articles • Taxes and bans on other state’s goods • Soaring prices & poor credit • Skyrocketing debt

  42. Shays’ Rebellion • Economy worsened • People losing property & possessions to pay on taxes & debts • 1789-Danial Shays of MA leads an armed uprising • Officer during Revolution • Uprising closed state courts • Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal • Fled to Vermont • MA response: Pass debt easement laws

  43. A Need For A Strong Government • Demand grew for strengthening central government • Large property owners, merchants, traders, & creditors worried about shaky economy • March 1785 • Virginia & Maryland meet at Mt. Vernon • Recommended Federal plan of regulating trade • January 21, 1786

  44. …Continued • September 1786 • 5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis • Called for second meeting the following May • February 1787, 7 of 13 States plan attendance • Congress calls for states to send delegations • Met in Philadelphia • Would become the Constitutional Convention

  45. Creating the Constitution

  46. The Framers • 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention • “an assembly of demi-gods” –Jefferson • Attributes • Well educated • Revolutionary war vets, members of Continental Congress & Art. of Confed. Congress • 7 State governors • 2 Future Presidents, 1 future VP • Average age: 42 • ½ in their 30’s • Franklin was the oldest member at 81

  47. Organization & Procedures • Met in Independence Hall • George Washington elected president of the convention • Every state had one vote, majority vote would carry a measure • Adapted a rule of secrecy • Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation • Feeling of creating something new • Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation

  48. The Virginia Plan • Proposed by Madison • 3 Separate branches of government • Leg, Ex, & Jud • Bicameral Legislature • Representation based on states population or monetary funds • House members- Lower house, popularly elected • Senate members- Upper house, chosen by House members off list of State appointees • A of C powers kept by Congress • Congress would have more force backing them

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