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Gender Gap and Gendered Education: Myth or Reality?

Gender Gap and Gendered Education: Myth or Reality?. Tatyana Sumner Fall 2012 ED.7202.T Action Research Final Presentation. Table of Contents. Statement of Problem – Slide 3 Research Design – Slide 4 Threats to Internal Validity – Slide 5 Threats to External Validity – Slide 6

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Gender Gap and Gendered Education: Myth or Reality?

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  1. Gender Gap and Gendered Education: Myth or Reality? Tatyana Sumner Fall 2012 ED.7202.T Action Research Final Presentation

  2. Table of Contents Statement of Problem – Slide 3 Research Design – Slide 4 Threats to Internal Validity – Slide 5 Threats to External Validity – Slide 6 Proposed Data – Slide 7 Proposed Correlations (Graphs) – Slide 8 – 9 Sample Survey Questions – Slide 10 References – Slide 11

  3. Statement of the Problem This research will focus on possible differences in math attitudes between female and male students. • Living in a gendered society (Ridgeway & Correll, 2004; Risman,2004). • Socially constructed stereotypes “girls are not good at math,” (Guderson et al., 2012; Nosek, Banaji, & Greenwald, 2002; Tomasetto, Alparone, & Cadinu, 2011; Tracy & Lane, 2006). • Gross underrepresentation of women in math-related fields (Brandell & Staberg 2008; Leaper et al., 2012; Steffens, Jelenec, & Noack, 2010).

  4. Literature Review • Educating teachers about gender bias (Tracy & Lane, 1999). • Students should be taught to work together in peer-assisted and cooperative learning environments (Kroeger & Kouche, 2006; Kuntz et al., 2001; Sparks, 2012; Tournaki & Crischitello, 2003) • Provide girls with female role-models, support against stereotype threat and encouragement in their abilities (Gool et al., 2007; Shapiro & Williams, 2012). Proposed Solutions Math Attitudes • Girls are less likely to pursue math-related careers (Brandell & Staberg, 2008; Steffens et al., 2010; James 2007). • Math = Male, Me = Female, Therefore Math ≠ Me (Leaper et al., 2012; Norsek et al., 2002; Steffens et al., 2010). • Girls attribute success to luck or hard work rather than talent (Steffens et al., 2010; Stetsenko, et al., 2000).

  5. Hypothesis Statement HR1 By implementing a dual-gender peer-assisted learning environment during math instruction for 18 students (9 girls and 9 boys) in an urban Elementary School X in Brooklyn, for the period of 4 weeks, 3 times a week, will improve student’s attitudes toward mathematics.

  6. Participants and Instruments Participants • Sample of convenience = 18 students from various schools throughout New York and northern New Jersey area. • 9 girls – age range 9-15 • 9 boys – age range 9-15 Instruments • Pre / Post Test • Math attitude survey (devised by the researcher) • Team Randomization • An excel file to randomize pairs without bias.

  7. Research Design and Threats to Validity Threats to External Validity • Ecological Validity • Selection-Treatment Interaction • Specificity of Variables Threats to Internal Validity • History • Maturations • Instrumentation • Mortality • Statistical Regression • Differential Selection of Subject Quasi-Experimental Design • Nonequivalent Control Group Design • Symbolic Design Representation:O X1O O X2 O

  8. Procedures Pre-test – Students of both groups will be given a survey measuring gauging their initial attitude toward mathematics. Treatment – Hypothetical treatment will be introduced to all participants. Post-test – A survey, identical to pre-test survey will be given to the group gauging any change in attitude toward mathematics

  9. Data Analysis: Math Attitudes Composite Predictive Variables

  10. Data Analysis: Math Skill Confidence Composite Predictive Variables

  11. Correlations: Math Attitudes Post-Survey Correlation Brief Analysis: A fair, positive correlation (.326rxy)suggests that the more students prefer to work in parirs or groups when doing math problems, the more positive their attitudes toward math are. Correlation Coefficient = 0.326rxy

  12. Correlations: Parent Assistance and Math confidence Post-Survey Correlation Brief Analysis: A fair, negative correlation (-.35rxy)suggests that the less parents spend time helping students with math, the more confident the students in working on math independently. Correlation Coefficient = -0.35rxy

  13. Bell Curve Distribution Mean = 2.44 Mode = 2.67 Median = 2.83 SD = 0.7 83% within +/- 1SD Negative Skew – More higher scores few to none lower scores beyond 1SD

  14. Discussion/Implications Discussion Even the hypothetical implementation of treatment produced a change of perception in students attitudes toward math. By attempting to eliminate gender-based competition in the classroom, and by creating peer-assisted learning environment, raises students’ confidence in and enjoyment of mathematics. Implications Further research using a randomly selected and larger sample. Further research with actual implementation of treatment.

  15. References Brandell, G., & Staberg, E. (2008). Mathematics: A female, male or gender-neutral domain? A study of attitudes among students at secondary level. Gender and Education, 20(5), 495-509. doi:10.1080/09540250701805771 Gool, J., Carpenter, J., Davies, S., Ligos, T., MacKenzie, L., Schilp, R., & Schips, J. (2006). Teacher bias of gender in the elementary classroom. Education Today, (5), 27-30. Retrieved from Education Research Complete Database Gunderson, E., Ramirez, G., Levine, S., & Beilock, S. (2012). The role of parents and teachers in the development of gender-related math attitudes. Sex Roles, 66(3/4), 153-166. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9996-2 Kroeger, S. D., & Kouche, B. (2006). Using peer- assisted learning strategies to increase response to intervention in inclusive middle math settings. Teaching Exceptional Children, 38(5), 6-13. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete Database Kuntz, K. J., McLaughlin, T. F., & Howard, V. F. (2001). A comparison of cooperative learning and small group individualized instruction for math in a self contained classroom for elementary students with disabilities. Educational Research Quarterly, 24(3), 41-56. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete Database Leaper, C., Farkas, T., & Brown, C. (2012). Adolescent girls’ experiences and gender-related beliefs in relation to their motivation in math/science and English. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(3), 268-282. doi:10.1007/s10964-011-9693-z

  16. References Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2002). Math = male, me = female, therefore math ≠ me. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 83(1), 44-59. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.83.1.44 Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2002). Math = male, me = female, therefore math ≠ me. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 83(1), 44-59. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.83.1.44 Ridgeway, C. L., & Correll, S. J. (2004). Unpacking the gender system: A theoretical perspective on gender beliefs and social relations. Gender & Society, 18(4), 510-531. doi:10:1177/0891243204265269 Risman, B. J. (2004). Gender as a social structure: Theory wrestling with activism. Gender & Society, 18(4), 429-450. doi:10.1177/0891243204265349 Shapiro, J., & Willaims, A. (2012). The role of stereotype threats in undermining girls’ and women’s performance and interest in STEM fields. Sex Roles, 66(3/4), 175-183. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0051-0 Sparks, S. D. (2012). Researchers cite social benefits in coed classes. Education Week, 31(30), 1-15. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete Database

  17. References Steffens, M. C., Jelenec, P., &Noack, P. (2010). On the leaky math pipeline: Comparing implicit math-gender stereotypes and math withdrawal in female and male children and adolescents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102(4), 947-963. doi:10.1037/a0019920 Stetsenko, A., Little, T. D., Gordeeva, T., Grasshof, M., & Oettingen, G. (2000). Gender effects in children’s beliefs about school performance: A cross-cultural study. Child Development, 71(2), 517-527. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00161 Tomasetto, C., Alparone, F., & Cadinu, M. (2011). Girls’ math performance under stereotype threat: The moderating role of mothers’ gender stereotypes. Developmental Psychology, 47(4), 943-949. doi:10.1037/a0024047 Tournaki, N., & Criscitiello, E. (2003). Using peer tutoring as a successful part of behavior management. Teaching Exceptional Children, 36(2), 22-29. Retrieved from http://www.cec.sped.org/Content/NavigationMenu/Publications2/TEACHINGExceptionalChildren/default.htm Tracy, D. M., & Lane, M. B. (1999). Gender-equitable teaching behaviors: Preservice teachers’ awareness and implementation. Equity & Excellence in Education, 32(3), 93-104. doi:10.1080/1066568990320311

  18. The End

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