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Mature Colonial Societies: Who Are Outsiders?

Mature Colonial Societies: Who Are Outsiders?. The Development of a Slave Society. From Indenture Onward Indenture begins because? No reason to come to VA Tobacco incredibly profitable Large number of excess extremely poor in England. Why Does Indenture Fail?

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Mature Colonial Societies: Who Are Outsiders?

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  1. Mature Colonial Societies: Who Are Outsiders?

  2. The Development of a Slave Society • From Indenture Onward • Indenture begins because? • No reason to come to VA • Tobacco incredibly profitable • Large number of excess extremely poor in England. • Why Does Indenture Fail? • Headright system divides land among arrivals, but elite wants monopoly on land. • Bacon’s Rebellion proves social system is very unstable. • Price of tobacco falls as supply continues to increase. • Excess population in England gets smaller and smaller.

  3. The Development of a Slave Society • Slave Laws and Slave Codes • Early African-Americans are only marginally different from indentured servants. • Spanish, Atlantic ‘creole culture’ creates a precedent. • Special legal establishments created from 1660-1700. • Establishment of the Royal Africa Company in England. • Hardening Race Lines • Early laws and justifications are about religion, but shift by 1680s • By 1705-15, laws focus on race – eliminate formally marriage, etc. • Making slavery matrilineal. • South Carolina example – full slave code for blacks by 1691

  4. The Development of a Slave Society • Slavery: Profit and Capitalism • Slaves as “capital” – valuable possessions for a planter, like land or equipment or seed. • Slaves and agricultural knowledge – rice and indigo in South Carolina. • Slaves and malarial climates. • Slaves as a never-lose investment – is this dependent on sugar? • Why do planters prefer this system so strongly to indenture? • The American import boom post 1710 • Slave Society • Slavery as a primary mode of value production – North v South. • Slavery as social, cultural institution – mulattoes and mixing.

  5. Callback: Summer Assignments • Slave Society • From African to African-American • Conversion and syncretism • Slave communitiesaround women and born-in-slavery generations. • Why does slavery emerge? • Chicken and egg? • Three valid interpretations: • Need for labor force, pure economic pressures. • Social pressures and problems with indentured labor combined with economic pressures. • Religion and racial prejudice overriding factor.

  6. Slavery in the Colonies: Atlantic Context

  7. Slavery in the Colonies: Atlantic Context

  8. Women in the South • Leaving Behind Chesapeake • Few women in early period • Place mainly as indentures, or family of wealthy colonists. • Plantation Women • Virginia gentry matures as plantation ownership class expands. • Regional family intermarriage, childbearing • Martha Washington • The Indenture and Women • A double indenture – labor and sex. • Multiple marriage and mixed families • Post-indenture children and health risks. • Women and the Frontier • Establishing new farms • Slavery and Women • Frustrations of slave society. • The double bind of slave women.

  9. Women in the Middle Colonies • Trades and Women’s Status • Women share in responsibility on small farms, but no inheritance. • Women have minimal property rights but participate in decisions. • Literacy and education only slightly lower than for men. • Many “women’s trades.” • Childbearing and health risks. • High Society and Marriage • Maryland, Penn, and NY radically different in terms of high society. • Schuyler family example. • Childbearing as a key duty. • Quakerism and Minor Religions • Strict religious discipline • Religious enlightenment open to women.

  10. Women in the North • Evolution of Puritan societies • Extremely strict moral and sexual codes, gender divisions. • Women as teachers and disciplinarians in households. • Role evolves post-1670s. • Witchcraft in Salem • Women as advisors? • Supported by Biblical social ideas • Function of widespread religious education for women. • Especially true among middle class, and among colonial elite. • Anne Hutchison • Wives as contributors? • Abigail Adams

  11. Native American Societies • Slavery and the South • Early South Carolina and Georgia approach to Native relations. • Role of weakened and fragmented societies with trade ties. • Agency: Early Colonial Wars • “Tide Of Blood” - 1622 • Pequod War – 1637 • Metacomet’s War – 1639-1676 • Resistance: Post-1700 Strategies • Guerrilla tactics and borderlands. • Pennsylvania’s experiences. • Partnership: Post-1700 Strategies

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