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A Short Bio – Dr. Zhanyang Zhang

A Short Bio – Dr. Zhanyang Zhang. Education – Ph.D and MS degrees from CUNY respectively in 1995 and 1988. EE degree from Jilin University, China in 1982 Academic Position – Assistant Professor, Computer Science Department at College of Staten Island (9/2003 – present)

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A Short Bio – Dr. Zhanyang Zhang

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  1. A Short Bio – Dr. Zhanyang Zhang • Education – Ph.D and MS degrees from CUNY respectively in 1995 and 1988. EE degree from Jilin University, China in 1982 • Academic Position – Assistant Professor, Computer Science Department at College of Staten Island (9/2003 – present) • Industry Experience - Full time and consultant positions in telecommunication, finance and pharmaceutical industries (1993-2003)

  2. Areas of Research Interests • Past Research: • Database, Data Warehouse and Data Mining • 3G-Wireless Data Network and Wireless Data Network Security • E-Commerce and M(obile)-Commerce • Current Research: • Wireless Ad hoc Networks • Mobile Database • Wireless Sensor Networks

  3. Wireless Sensor Network andApplications Zhanyang Zhang, Ph. D zhangz@mail.csi.cuny.edu College of Staten Island City University of New York Oct 4th, 2004

  4. Outline • Introduction • Communication architecture • Protocol stack • Applications • Research Problems and Opportunities • A Stimulating Signal Approach toward Sensor Location, K-Coverage and Energy-Saving Problems

  5. Introduction • Sensor Networks…low-cost, rapid deployment, self-organizing, and fault tolerance. • Application areas: heath, military, and home. • Large number of sensor nodes that are densely deployed. • Nodes use their processing abilities to locally carry out simple computations and transmit the required and partially processed data. • Ad hoc networks are not suitable for the sensor networks because of their unique features and application requirements.

  6. Features of Sensor Networks • What is a Sensor Network? • 1000s of sensors deployed to collect, process and store information e.g. weather conditions. • Local communication to achieve global objectives • Popular application areas – • Medical, Military, Natural Habitat monitoring, micro-organisms monitoring, etc • Factors to consider when deploying sensors– • Low power • Large numbers • Frequent motion, task dynamics / Device failures • Distributed sensing • Exception free, unattended operation

  7. Design Factors • Fault Tolerancethe ability to sustain sensor network functionalities without any interruption due to sensor node failures because of lack of power, physical damage, or environmental interference. • Scalabilitythe density of sensor nodes can range from few sensor nodes to few hundred sensor nodes in a region. • Production Coststhe cost of sensor node should be much less than $1 in order for the sensor network to be feasible

  8. Continue.. Design Factors • Sensor Network Topology- Predeployment and deployment phase- Post-deployment phase- Redeployment of additional nodes phase • Environmentcan work in different environments. • Transmission Medialinks between nodes can be formed by radio, infrared, or optical media. • Power Consumptionbattery lifetimedesign of power-aware protocols and algorithmsPower consumption: sensing, communication, and data processing

  9. Hardware Architecture Location finding system Mobilizer Sensing Unit Processing Unit Processor Transceiver Sensor ADC Storage Power Unit Power generator

  10. Communication Architecture Internet and Satellite Sink C D A E B Task manager node Sensor nodes Sensor field User

  11. Protocol Stack :- Sensor Networks

  12. The Physical Layer • Frequency selection. • Carrier frequency generation. • Signal detection. • ModulationBinary and M-ary modulation schemesthe binary modulation scheme is more energy-efficient • Low transmission power and simple transceiver circuitry make Ultra wideband (UWB) an attractive candidate.

  13. The Data Link Layer • Multiplexing of data streams. • Data frame detection. • Medium access and error control. • Ensures reliable point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections in a communication network.

  14. Continue.. The Data Link Layer Medium Access Control • Must achieve two goals- the creation of the network infrastructure- share communication resources between sensor nodes fairly and efficiently. • Traditional MAC can’t be adopted into sensor networks, because- there is no central controlling agent like the base station.- power efficiency directly influences network lifetime in sensor network.

  15. Network Layer Task: energy efficient routes Route 1: Sink-A-B-T, total PA=4, total α = 3 Route 2: Sink-A-B-C-T, total PA=6, total α = 6 Route 3: Sink-D-T, total PA=3, total α = 4 Route 4: Sink-E-F-T, total PA=5, total α = 6 Sink α 3=2 α 1=1 E (PA=1) α 4=2 A (PA=2) • Approaches: • Max route: route 4 • Min Energy (ME) route: route 1 • Min hop (MH) route: route 3 • Max-Min PA node route: route 3 α 2=1 D (PA=3) α 6=2 B (PA=2) α 5=2 α 7=1 α 8=2 α F (PA=4) α 9=2 T C (PA=2)

  16. Continue.. Network Layer Data Aggregation, data fusion C B A E D F G Sink

  17. Continue.. Network Layer Routing techniques • Floodingeach node receiving a data or management packet repeats it by broadcasting. • Gossipingsend the incoming packets to a randomly selected neighbor.

  18. Transport Layer Transport layer protocols are still unexplored: they may be purely UDP-type protocols, because each sensor node has limited memory and power.

  19. The Application Layer • Sensor Management Protocol (SMP)makes the hardware and software of the lower layers transparent to the sensor network management applications. System administrators interact with sensor networks using SMP. • Task Assignment And Data Advertisement Protocol (TADAP)provides the user software with efficient interfaces for interest dissemination. • Sensor Query and Data Dissemination Protocol (SQDDP)provides user applications with interfaces to issue queries, respond to queries and collect incoming replies.

  20. Application - Habitat Monitoring Goal – monitor breeding preferences of Leach’s Storm Pretel on Great Duck Island, Maine • usage pattern of nesting burrows • changes in the burrow and surface environmental parameters during the breeding season • differences in the micro-environments with and without large numbers of nesting petrels

  21. Habitat Monitoring - Sensors • Hardware deployed • 32 MICA motesin cases • MICA weather board with sensors – temperature, pressure, etc. • Groups of nodes –Patches • Gateway to transmit data via the transit network to the base station. • Mobile PDA’s – Gizmos, to program the motes in the field.

  22. Setup / Design Requirements • Hierarchical network • Network longevity – 9 months • Operating off the grid – other source of energy – Solar • Management from a distance • Stable and predictable system behavior • In-situ interactions with motes • Store data at all levels to prevent data loss • Easy re-tasking facilities

  23. Challenging Problems • Sensor Location Problem – Locating sensor within the deployed area. • K-Coverage Problem – Every point in the monitor area requires at least K sensors to cover it. • Sensor Network Energy Saving – To maximum sensors and/or sensor networks lifetime. • Sensor Data Modeling, Management, and Stream Data Mining

  24. Research Opportunities • Sensor Location Solutions: • GPS-Free • Meet application requirements • Low overhead (communication, processing, energy consumption) • Previous Works: • Triangulation • At least 3 reference nodes with known locations • Ultra-sound or RF beacons • Time of Arrival (TOA) or signal strength • High computation complexity and energy consumption

  25. Research Opportunities • Sensor Location Solutions: • GPS-Free • Meet application requirements • Low overhead (communication, processing, energy consumption) • Previous Works: • Triangulation • At least 3 reference nodes with known locations • Ultra-sound or RF beacons • Time of Arrival (TOA) or signal strength • High computation complexity and energy consumption

  26. Cricket System at MIT

  27. Current Research Project • A Stimulating Signal Model • Sensor’s sensing ability • Location guided laser beam • Sensor Cluster Location Algorithm (SCLA) • Scale Well • Low overhead (communication, processing, energy consumption) • Limitations • Open Areas • Line-of-path • Estimate Geo-boundary of cluster

  28. Preliminary Outcome • Results • Identify Sensor Clusters for each virtual grid • Geo-proximity of Cluster Locations • Number of members in each Cluster (A potential solution for K-coverage problem for sensor networks) • Alternate “sleep” and “active” status of Cluster members with a schedule algorithm to prolong sensor network lifetime • Cost Analysis • Let M be the number grids, N be the max number of sensors in a grid, L be the max number of hops between a cluster header and base station. • Cost(M,N,L) <= M*N + M*L in terms of messages sent

  29. References [1] “Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in Sensor Networks” - Deborah Estrin, Ramesh Govindan, John Heidemann and Satish Kumar, Mobicom 1999. [2] “A Survey on Sensor Networks” -Ian F. Akyildiz, Weilian Su, Yogesh Sankarasubramaniam and Erdal Cayirci, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 40, no. 8, August 2002. [3] “Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring” -Mainwaring et al., WSNA 2002. [4] Habitat Monitoring on Great Duck Island http://www.greatduckisland.net

  30. Acknowledgement Hussein Alzoubi Hussein_alzoubi@hotmail.com Rami Alnamneh Ramir11@yahoo.com

  31. Questions? Thank you!

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