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Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks

Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Significance for Climate and CCS. Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record Provide reservoir and seal lithologies. The Rock Cycle. Major Sediment/ Sedimentary Rock Types. Clastics

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Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks

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  1. Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks

  2. Significance for Climate and CCS • Form at the surface, so directly influnced by Earth’s climate, provide the climate record • Provide reservoir and seal lithologies

  3. The Rock Cycle

  4. Major Sediment/ Sedimentary Rock Types • Clastics • Particles of preexisting rock • Chemical and biochemical • Precipitated from solution

  5. Clastics • Particles of preexisting rock • Effect of weathering • Dominantly silicate minerals

  6. Gravel and conglomerate/breccia • > 30% of grains > 2mm • Conglomerate if rounded, breccia if angular • Need strong currents

  7. Sand and sandstone • Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm)

  8. Sand and sandstone • Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm) • Major kinds of sandstones • Quartz arenites

  9. Quartz arenite

  10. Sand and sandstone • Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm) • Major kinds of sandstones • Quartz arenites • Arkoses

  11. Arkose

  12. Sand and sandstone • Dominantly sand sized particles (.062 - 2 mm) • Major kinds of sandstones • Quartz arenites • Arkoses • Lithic arenites • Graywacke (wacke)

  13. Graywacke

  14. Mud and mudrock • Particles dominantly (<0.062) • Silt and siltstone (0.062 - 0.004 mm) • Clay and claystone (<0.004 mm) • Weak to no currents

  15. Shale (Mudrock)

  16. Chemical and biochemical • Precipitated from solution • Formed at or near place of deposition • Dominantly carbonates & evaporites • Classified by chemical composition

  17. Carbonates • Limestone (CaCO3) • Dolostone (CaMg(CO3)2)

  18. The White Cliffs of Dover

  19. Evaporites • Halite (NaCl) • Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O)

  20. Bonneville salt flats, Utah

  21. Siliceous • Chert (microcrystalline SiO2) • Flint • Jasper • Agate

  22. Jasper

  23. Agate

  24. Radiolarians Siliceous • Chert (microcrystalline SiO2) • Flint • Jasper • Agate • Siliceous sediment • Microfossils

  25. Bedded Chert

  26. Siliceous • Chert (microcrystalline SiO2) • Flint • Jasper • Agate • Siliceous sediment • Microfossils • Diagenetic

  27. Chert nodules in Permian Kaibab Limestone. Grand Canyon, Arizona

  28. Phosphorite • Rich in phosphorous Ca10(PO4,CO3)6F2-3 • Phosphatic sediment (e.g., fish bones) • Diagenetic

  29. Why is this geology student so happy? Bat guano, Slaughter Canyon Cave, NM

  30. Transportation and deposition

  31. Currents • Air and water • The faster the current the larger the particles

  32. Settling velocity

  33. Sorting

  34. Rounding

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