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Suprasegmental phonology

Suprasegmental phonology. In connected speech, especially in fast and fluent speech, there are several phenomena of articulary accommodation and effort economy, such as similitude linking assimilation elision vowel reduction and weak forms. Similitude. eighth [  ]

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Suprasegmental phonology

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  1. Suprasegmental phonology In connected speech, especially in fast and fluent speech, there are several phenomena of articulary accommodation and effort economy, such as similitude linking assimilation elision vowel reduction and weak forms

  2. Similitude eighth [] [] is dental because of its proximity to dental // can’t BrE [] the vowels are nasalized because of the presence of nasal [] Similitude is the accommodation of a sound segment to an adjacent segment, so that they become similar

  3. Linking r-linking for example [ ʳ  black cat ( linking between the same consonant in final and initial position) Linking is a smooth transition across word boundaries

  4. Assimilation this shop [] bad boys [] shut your eyes [  ]

  5. Elision the dropping of a sound which once existed (historical elision) or which exists in slow speech (contextualelision) know [] Tell him [ tel ɪm] with the elision of <h> first class [] didn’t think [] I am going to buy some (I’m gonna buy some) []

  6. Vowel reduction and weak forms remarkable differences between the pronunciation of words in isolation and in connected speech the reduction of strong, longer vowels and diphthongs to a weak vowel, to the neutral schwa sound [] or to the short vowels [] and [], in a weak, unstressed position

  7. Rhythm English is a stress-timed language, based on the regular alternation of stressed or prominent syllables and unstressed or weak ones children believe in fairies a week at the seaside is just what I need The prominent syllables are one-syllable words of major word classes (e.g. nouns, verbs) and the stressed syllables of polysyllabic words of major word classes The non-prominent, or weak, syllables are words of minor word classes (e.g. articles, auxiliaries, prepositions) and weak syllables in polysyllabic words

  8. VOWEL REDUCTION: TYPICAL OF GRAMMATICAL WORDS IN UNSTRESSED POSITION auxiliaries (are, have), modals (can, must), articles (a, the), conjunctions (and, but), personal pronouns (you, he) and prepositions (to, from) e.g. she must try harder [] he comes from Boston [] wait and see [   ]

  9. Transcribed passage Idioms are not a separate part of the language which one can choose either to use or to omit. Instead they form an essential part of the general vocabulary of English. Present-day English is changing and becoming more idiomatic

  10. Passage in phonetic transcription   ʷ    ʳ

  11. Difficulties for Italian speakers Speakers of languages( like Italian) which do not require a weakening of unstressed syllables tend to pronounce all the syllables as if they were prominent. eg. * ‘The ‘cat ‘is ‘on ‘the ‘chair Rather than The ‘cat is on the ‘chair

  12. Intonation where do you come from Intonation is the variation in voice pitch (acutezza, altezza) in connected speech. Together with gestures and facial expressions, intonation helps communication Intonation phrase is an utterance having it own intonation pattern or tone ( usually a simple sentence) and containing a nucleus The nucleus is the syllable which receives the greatest prominence and is normally the most prominent lexical word in an intonation phrase

  13. Tones falling: finality, definiteness Our English friends are coming round todinner rising: questions and incompleteness would you like a cup of tea I phoned her several times  but she was never there fall-rise: uncertainty are you sure you won’t  mind rise-fall: surprise that was a marvellous idea

  14. Grammatical function of intonation I fed her dog biscuits (I gave her biscuits for dogs) I fed her dog biscuits (I gave her dog some biscuits) the houses which were de stroyed  were of great historical interest the houses  which were de stroyed  were of great historical interest

  15. Discourse function of intonation The standard type of intonation phrase is a clause with the nucleus on the last lexical item, which is the expected new information. foregrounding: the nucleus is placed elsewhere in the sentence to stress important new information are you flying to Rome no I’m flying to Milan are you flying to Rome no there’s a strike tomorrow

  16. American English vowels BrE and AmE are becoming more similar in the 21st century BrE //  AmE // e.g. not [] BrE [] AmE clock [] BrE [] AmE ‘bath’-words BrE //  // e.g. bath [] BrE [] AmE class [] BrE [] AmE

  17. American English vowels BrE /, , /  AmE [, , ] e.g. severe [] BrE [] AmE BrE // + /r/  AmE /ɜ/ e.g courage [] (BrE), [ɝ] (AmE)

  18. American consonants elision of post-nasal [t] twenty []  [] assimilation of some plosives and fricatives followed by [j] e.g. education [, -] BrE [] AmE issue [, ] BrE [] AmE

  19. American consonants rhoticity: orthographic <r> is always pronounced the omission of the sound [j] after dental and alveolar consonants and followed by the phoneme /u:/ (yod dropping): e.g. tune [] BrE [] AmE news [] BrE [] AmE t-tapping:intervocalic // is voiced latter [] rhymes with ladder []

  20. Differences in the pronunciation of words in AmE -ile e.g. missile [] (BrE), [] (AmE) BrE AmE either [] [] ate [, ] [] Muslim [] [] schedule [] [] advertisement [] [] leisure [] [] dynasty [] [] directory [, -] []

  21. More differences in the placement of stress in AmE stress placement e.g. address [] cigarette [] AmE [] [] BrE pronunciation of the endings -ary -ery -ory e.g. library [] laboratory [] BrE [] [] AmE

  22. PRONUNCIATION IN DICTIONARIES Most dictionaries for EFL learners use IPA, but some dictionaries use different conventions: e.g. door()], [], [*] British English is usually favoured with respect to American English (always read the dictionary Introduction!!!) Many dictionaries for native speakers use a simplified transcription, called “respelling”, e.g. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, www.merriam-webster.com Pronunciation dictionaries are devoted to pronunciation, e.g. include syllabification, the pronunciation of inflected forms; proper, geographical or historical names; different varieties of pronunciation and usage notes

  23. Dictionaries (paper, electronic, online) http://dictionary.cambridge.org (with phonetic transcription) http://www.ldoceonline.com (without phonetic trascription) http://dizionari.hoepli.it/Default.aspx italiano-inglese, inglese-italiano Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 2008 (specialised dictionary) MacMillan English Dictionary (MED) secon edition 2009

  24. The pronunciation of English as a lingua franca: a controversial issue A Lingua Franca Core (Jenkins 2000) of phonological features that are essential in communication: The /r/ sound should always be pronounced, according to the American model Pronunciation should be kept as close as possible to spelling, e.g. matter or twenty Correct pronunciation of most consonants (except for  and ), aspiration of [, , ], distinction between short and long vowels and use of /ɝ/ Stress-timed rhythm and placement of nuclear stress

  25. from Wells’ Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 2008 Proper names Rachel [] Anthony [] Aileen [] Burton [] Hirst [] Vaughan [] Sarkozy [] Geographical names Galapagos [] Caribbean ] Yorkshire [-] Kuwait [] Piedmont [] Cornwall [ -] Thames []

  26. Example of exam question( see many more in the book) What are minimal pairs? Give one example for vowels and one for consonants in English Minimal pairs are words that are made up of the same phonemes but one e.g. for vowels fit [fɪt] and feet [fɪ:t] for consonants tin [tɪn] and thin [ɪn]

  27. Example of phonetic transcription 1         

  28. Trascription and spelling  I’ve been reading some interesting research    about how people’s moods are affected by  sunlight. People from southern countries are  supposed to be more outgoing than those

  29. Transcription and spelling  from the north. Some scientists have shown  that, if you are not exposed to a certain  minimum amount of sunlight,  you may well become depressed

  30. TRANSCRIBED PASSAGE I’ve been reading some interesting research about how people’s moods are affected by sunlight. People from southern countries are supposed to be more outgoing than those from the north. Some scientists have shown that, if you are not exposed to a certain minimum amount of sunlight, you may well become depressed

  31. Example of phonetic transcription 2   ʳ    

  32. TRANSCRIBED PASSAGE A passionate Peruvian boyfriend was arrested and jailed for twenty-four hours for kissing his fiancée inside the palace of justice. The man was accused of not showing the building proper respect

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