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Chapter 3: VLANs

Chapter 3: VLANs. Routing & Switching. Chapter 3. 3.1 VLAN Segmentation 3.2 VLAN Implementation 3.3 VLAN Security and Design 3.4 Summary. Chapter 3: Objectives. Explain the purpose of VLANs in a switched network.

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Chapter 3: VLANs

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  1. Chapter 3: VLANs Routing & Switching

  2. Chapter 3 3.1 VLAN Segmentation 3.2 VLAN Implementation 3.3 VLAN Security and Design 3.4 Summary

  3. Chapter 3: Objectives • Explain the purpose of VLANs in a switched network. • Analyze how a switch forwards frames based on VLAN configuration in a multi-switched environment. • Configure a switch port to be assigned to a VLAN based on requirements. • Configure a trunk port on a LAN switch. • Configure Dynamic Trunk Protocol (DTP). • Troubleshoot VLAN and trunk configurations in a switched network. • Configure security features to mitigate attacks in a VLAN-segmented environment. • Explain security best practices for a VLAN-segmented environment.

  4. 3.1 VLAN Segmentation

  5. Overview of VLANsVLAN Definitions • A VLAN is a logical partition of a Layer 2 network. • Multiple partitions can be created, allowing for multiple VLANs to co-exist. • Each VLAN is a broadcast domain, usually with its own IP network. • VLANs are mutually isolated and packets can only pass between them viaa router. • The partitioning of the Layer 2 network takes place inside a Layer 2 device, usually via a switch. • The hosts grouped within a VLAN are unaware of the VLAN’s existence.

  6. Overview of VLANsVLAN Definitions (cont.)

  7. Overview of VLANsBenefits of VLANs • Security • Cost reduction • Better performance • Shrink broadcast domains • Improved IT staff efficiency • Simpler project and application management

  8. Overview of VLANsTypes of VLANs • Data VLAN • Default VLAN • Native VLAN • Management VLAN

  9. Overview of VLANsTypes of VLANs (cont.)

  10. Overview of VLANsVoice VLANs • VoIP traffic is time-sensitive and requires: • Assured bandwidth to ensure voice quality. • Transmission priority over other types of network traffic. • Ability to be routed around congested areas on the network. • Delay of less than 150 ms across the network. • The voice VLAN feature enables access ports to carry IP voice traffic from an IP phone. • The switch can connect to a Cisco 7960 IP phone and carry IP voice traffic. • The sound quality of an IP phone call can deteriorate if the data is unevenly sent;the switch supports quality of service (QoS).

  11. Overview of VLANsVoice VLANs (cont.) • The Cisco 7960 IP phone has two RJ-45 ports that each support connections to external devices. • Network Port (10/100 SW) - Use this port to connect the phone to the network. The phone can also obtain inline power from the Cisco Catalyst switch over this connection. • Access Port (10/100 PC) - Use this port to connect a network device, such as a computer, to the phone.

  12. Overview of VLANsVoice VLANs (cont.)

  13. VLANs in a Multi-Switched EnvironmentVLAN Trunks • A VLAN trunk carries more than one VLAN. • A VLAN trunk is usually established between switches so same-VLAN devices can communicate, even if physically connected to different switches. • A VLAN trunk is not associated to any VLANs; neither is the trunk ports used to establish the trunk link. • Cisco IOS supports IEEE802.1q, a popular VLAN trunk protocol.

  14. VLANs in a Multi-Switched EnvironmentVLAN Trunks (cont.)

  15. VLANs in a Multi-Switched EnvironmentControlling Broadcast Domains with VLANs • VLANs can be used to limit the reach of broadcast frames. • A VLAN is a broadcast domain of its own. • A broadcast frame sent by a device in a specific VLAN is forwarded within that VLAN only. • VLANs help control the reach of broadcast frames and their impact in the network. • Unicast and multicast frames are forwarded within the originating VLAN.

  16. VLANs in a Multi-Switched EnvironmentTagging Ethernet Frames for VLAN Identification • Frame tagging is the process of adding a VLAN identification header to the frame. • It is used to properly transmit multiple VLAN frames through a trunk link. • Switches tag frames to identify the VLAN to that they belong. Different tagging protocols exist; IEEE 802.1Q is a vey popular example. • The protocol defines the structure of the tagging header added to the frame. • Switches add VLAN tags to the frames before placing them into trunk links and remove the tags before forwarding frames through nontrunk ports. • When properly tagged, the frames can transverse any number of switches via trunk links and still be forwarded within the correct VLAN at the destination.

  17. VLANs in a Multi-Switched EnvironmentTagging Ethernet Frames for VLAN Identification

  18. VLANs in a Multi-Switched EnvironmentNative VLANs and 802.1Q Tagging • Frames that belong to the native VLAN are not tagged. • Frames received untagged remain untagged and are placed in the native VLAN when forwarded. • If there are no ports associated to the native VLAN and no other trunk links, an untagged frame is dropped. • In Cisco switches, the native VLAN is VLAN 1, by default.

  19. VLANs in a Multi-Switched EnvironmentVoice VLAN Tagging

  20. 3.2 VLAN Implementations

  21. VLAN AssignmentVLAN Ranges on Catalyst Switches • Cisco Catalyst 2960 and 3560 Series switches support over 4,000 VLANs. • VLANs are split into two categories: • Normal range VLANs • VLAN numbers from 1 to 1,005 • Configurations stored in the vlan.dat (in the flash memory) • VTP can only learn and store normal range VLANs • Extended Range VLANs • VLAN numbers from 1,006 to 4,096 • Configurations stored in the running configuration (NVRAM) • VTP does not learn extended range VLANs

  22. VLAN AssignmentCreating a VLAN

  23. VLAN AssignmentAssigning Ports to VLANs

  24. VLAN AssignmentAssigning Ports to VLANs (cont.)

  25. VLAN AssignmentChanging VLAN Port Membership

  26. VLAN AssignmentChanging VLAN Port Membership (cont.)

  27. VLAN AssignmentDeleting VLANs

  28. VLAN AssignmentVerifying VLAN Information

  29. VLAN AssignmentVerifying VLAN Information (cont.)

  30. VLAN AssignmentConfiguring IEEE 802.1q Trunk Links

  31. VLAN AssignmentResetting the Trunk To Default State

  32. VLAN AssignmentResetting the Trunk To Default State (cont.)

  33. VLAN AssignmentVerifying Trunk Configuration

  34. Dynamic Trunking ProtocolIntroduction to DTP • Switch ports can be manually configured to form trunks. • Switch ports can also be configured to negotiate and establish a trunk link with a connected peer. • The Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP) manages trunk negotiation. • DTP is a Cisco proprietary protocol and is enabled, by default, in Cisco Catalyst 2960 and 3560 switches. • If the port on the neighbor switch is configured in a trunk mode that supports DTP, it manages the negotiation. • The default DTP configuration for Cisco Catalyst 2960 and 3560 switches is dynamic auto.

  35. Dynamic Trunking ProtocolNegotiated Interface Modes • Cisco Catalyst 2960 and 3560 support the following trunk modes: • Switchport mode dynamic auto • Switchportmode dynamic desirable • Switchportmode trunk • Switchport nonegotiate

  36. Troubleshooting VLANs and TrunksIP Addressing Issues with VLAN • It is a common practice to associate a VLAN with an IP network. • Because different IP networks only communicate through a router, all devices within a VLAN must be part of the same IP network to communicate. • The figure displays that PC1 cannot communicate to the server because it has a wrong IP address configured.

  37. Troubleshooting VLANs and TrunksMissing VLANs • If all the IP addresses mismatches have been solved, but the device still cannot connect, check if the VLAN exists in the switch.

  38. Troubleshooting VLANs and TrunksIntroduction to Troubleshooting Trunks

  39. Troubleshooting VLANs and TrunksCommon Problems with Trunks • Trunking issues are usually associated with incorrect configurations. • The most common type of trunk configuration errors are: • Native VLAN mismatches • Trunk mode mismatches  • Allowed VLANs on trunks • If a trunk problem is detected, the best practice guidelines recommend to troubleshoot in the order shown above.

  40. Troubleshooting VLANs and TrunksTrunk Mode Mismatches • If a port on a trunk link is configured with a trunk mode that is incompatible with the neighboring trunk port, a trunk link fails to form between the two switches. • Use the show interfaces trunk command to check the status of the trunk ports on the switches. • To fix the problem, configure the interfaces with proper trunk modes.

  41. Troubleshooting VLANs and TrunksIncorrect VLAN List • VLANs must be allowed in the trunk before their frames can be transmitted across the link. • Use the switchport trunk allowed vlan command to specify which VLANs are allowed in a trunk link. • Use the show interfaces trunk command to ensure the correct VLANs are permitted in a trunk.

  42. 3.3 VLAN Security and Design

  43. Attacks on VLANsSwitch Spoofing Attack • There are a number of different types of VLAN attacks in modern switched networks; VLAN hopping is one example. • The default configuration of the switch port is dynamic auto. • By configuring a host to act as a switch and form a trunk, an attacker could gain access to any VLAN in the network. • Because the attacker is now able to access other VLANs, this is called a VLAN hopping attack. • To prevent a basic switch spoofing attack, turn off trunking on all ports, except the ones that specifically require trunking.

  44. Attacks on VLANsDouble-Tagging Attack • Double-tagging attack takes advantage of the way that hardware on most switches de-encapsulate 802.1Q tags. • Most switches perform only one level of 802.1Q de-encapsulation, allowing an attacker to embed a second, unauthorized attack header in the frame. • After removing the first and legit 802.1Q header, the switch forwards the frame to the VLAN specified in the unauthorized 802.1Q header. • The best approach to mitigating double-tagging attacks is to ensure that the native VLAN of the trunk ports is different from the VLAN of any user ports.

  45. Attacks on VLANsDouble-Tagging Attack (cont.)

  46. Attacks on VLANsPVLAN Edge • The Private VLAN (PVLAN) Edge feature, also known as protected ports, ensures that there is no exchange of unicast, broadcast, or multicast traffic between protected ports on the switch. • Local relevancy only. • A protected port only exchanges traffic with unprotected ports. • A protected port does not exchange traffic with another protected port.

  47. Design Best Practices for VLANsVLAN Design Guidelines • Move all ports from VLAN 1 and assign them to a not-in-use VLAN • Shut down all unused switch ports. • Separate management and user data traffic. • Change the management VLAN to a VLAN other than VLAN 1. (The same goes to the native VLAN.) • Ensure that only devices in the management VLAN can connect to the switches. • The switch should only accept SSH connections. • Disable autonegotiation on trunk ports. • Do not use the auto or desirable switch port modes.

  48. Chapter 3: Summary This chapter: • Introduced VLANs and their types • Described the connection between VLANs and broadcast domains • Discussed IEEE 802.1Q frame tagging and how it enables differentiation between Ethernet frames associated with distinct VLANs as they traverse common trunk links. • Examined the configuration, verification, and troubleshooting of VLANs and trunks using the Cisco IOS CLI and explored basic security and design considerations.

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