Artificial Organs

1. Artificial Organs BG

2. Index • What are artificial organs? • Artificial skin • Dialysis • Artificial pancreas • Artificial hearts • Artificial kidney • Artificial liver • Artificial lung

3. What are artificial organs? • Shortage of donor organs • Substitute for natural organs • When organs fail to perform, artificial replace them • Some devices provide assistance, some replace the organ • Manage patients with disease by providing transplantation

4. What are artificial organs? • Either fully artificial or bio artificial • “bio hybrid organs” are a combo of biologic and synthetic components • They incorporate many technologies: • Sensors • Biomaterials • Innovative delivery systems

5. Artificial Skin • When skin is damaged due to severe injury or burn, bacteria has easy access to body fluids • When bacteria gets in body fluids causes “circulatory collapse” or shock • when blood pressure in arteries is too low to maintain an adequate supply of blood to organs and tissues • Prevent this they use artificial skin

6. Artificial Skin • There’s an artificial skin system called “Integra” • Its an artificial substance that contains no living components • Not designed to replace skin • Rather supplies protective covering and pliable scaffold onto which a persons own skin cells can regenerate on the destroyed layer or skin. • 2 different types of skin grafts • Autologous and allograft

7. Artificial Skin • Autologous skin grafts transfer skin from one part of body to another • Allograft transfers skin from another person • only offer temporary cover, rejected by immune system • Skin grafts produced by taking cells from non-burned layer of skin, growing them into large sheets of cells then placing cell sheets on top of Integra • To treat burn/injury : • remove burned/damaged skin • Quickly cover with underlying tissue (artificial skin + grown skin cells)

8. Dialysis • Treatment that performs functions of kidneys • Needed when kidneys can no longer take care of body’s needs • Starts with loss of kidney function of 85%-90% • Keeps body in balance • Removes wastes, salt and extra water to prevent building up • Keeps safe level of certain chemicals in blood • Helps control blood pressure • Done in hospital, dialysis unit or at home

9. Dialysis • 2 types: Hemodialysis + peritoneal dialysis • Hemodialysis: • Hemodialyzer is used to remove waste, extra chemicals and fluid from your blood • Treatments last about four hours, done three times a week • Peritoneal Dialysis: • Blood cleaned inside body • Catheter is placed in abdomen • Peritoneal cavity is slowly filled with dialysate • Blood stays in arteries and veins • Extra fluid and waste products are drawn out of blood

10. Artificial Pancreas • Used for type 1 diabetes • Takes over managing patients disease • Monitors blood sugar and delivers insulin in doses that’s for patients needs • Designed to replicate aspects of human metabolism • Complex progress that converts energy from food into energy body can use • Device incorporates measurements of physical activity and the person metabolic response • Size of small paper book

11. Artificial Pancreas • There's an abdominal patch that continuously measures blood sugar • A pager sized pump that delivers insulin beneath the skin • Continuous glucose monitor(CGM) that channels real-time blood sugar readings to insulin pump • This directs pump to dispense proper amount of insulin to keep blood sugar levels correct • Software algorithm, linking patch and pump • Loaded with information derived from patient • All automated

12. Artificial Heart • Provide mechanical circulatory support • Used for severe heart failures • Heart failure is a condition where heart can no longer provide enough blood to keep with the body’s needs. • Caused by coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, heart attack, congenital heart problems • Two types of artificial hearts: • VAD’s and TAH’s

13. VAD Artificial Heart • Ventricular Assist Devices (VAD) • Does not replace heart, works along side it • Mechanical pump • Surgically implanted next to heart • Runs on power from a battery pack that you carry at your side, constantly helping your heart to pump blood • Attached to left ventricle and to aorta • Works by helping heart pump blood from left ventricle into aorta • Then the blood circulates through the body

14. VAD Artificial Heart • After this surgery several meds are needed to be taken regularly, like blood thinners • This pump can be a bridge to transplant, keeping patient healthy while waiting for donor heart

15. TAH Artificial Heart • Total Artificial Heart (TAH) • Device that replaces the two lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles) • Used for “end stage’ heart failure • So severe all treatments have failed • TAH is attached to hearts upper chambers(Atria) • Between the TAH and Atria are mechanical valves that work like the hearts own valves • These control the flow of blood in the heart • Two types of TAH’s (known by brand name) • CardioWest and AbioCor

16. CardioWest TAH • Connected to outside power source • Has tubes that run from inside chest to outside power source • Tubes exit the body and connects to a machine that powers and controls the CardioWest TAH

17. AbioCor TAH • Contained inside the chest • Battery powered • Battery is charged through skin with a special magnetic charger • Energy from the external charger reaches the internal battery through an energy transfer device transcutaneous energy transmission (TET) • Implanted TET device is connected to the implanted battery

18. AbioCor TAH • An external TET coil is connected to the external charger • An implanted controller monitors and controls the pumping speed of the heart

19. Artificial Kidney • One day could eliminate need for dialysis • Device includes thousands of microscopic filters • A bioreactor to mimic metabolic and water balancing roles of real kidney • Two stage system: • Nano scale filters and removes toxins from the blood • Bio cartridge of renal tubule cells mimics the metabolic and water balance roles • Uses hemofilter to remove toxins from blood

20. Artificial Kidney • Engineering to grow renal tubule cells to provide other biological functions of a healthy kidney • Progress relies on body’s blood pressure to perform filtration without needing pumps or an electrical power supply • Ready in about 5-7 years

21. Artificial Liver • Researchers made transplantable liver grafts for rats • May point toward successful liver transplant substitute for humans • The livers job is to help fight infection, clean blood, digest food and store energy • To be successful, artificial liver must be large to provide enough liver function • This requires a network of small blood vessels (micro vascular network) to transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the structure

22. Artificial Liver • Decellularization (process of removing cells from structure but leaving it with the architecture of original tissue) has shown some success in other organs • Scientists decellularized the liver while preserving it’s structure • A matrix of proteins remained behind to hold livers shape • Using a dye showed that microvascular network in each translucent liver was intact • Researchers were able to successfully introduce hepatocytes (liver cell) back into matrix

23. Artificial Liver • Tested recellularized matrix, it carried out liver specific functions at levels comparable to normal liver • Grafts transplanted into rats maintained their functional hepatocytes for a few hours • But successful engineering of an entire functional liver will require other types of cells • Much more work required to make long-term functional liver grafts that can be transplanted into humans

24. Artificial Lung • Scientists mimicked structure of lung to make a device that can use air as a ventilating gas instead of pure oxygen • Fashioned microfluidic channels from the polymer polydimethylsiloxane • Made them branch into smaller channels and the into artificial capillaries • Added blood and air flow outlets and inlets • Coated all channels in polydimethylsiloxane gas exchange membrane • Next step for artificial lungs

25. Artificial Lung • Tested with pigs blood • Blood flowed through device from blood inlet • Fed air into air inlet as it travelled along channels • Oxygen molecules diffused across gas exchange membrane into the blood on way to blood outlet • Blood coming from inlet was rich in carbon dioxide • Which would diffuse across membrane and travel to air outlet

26. Bibliographies • Artificial Skin Fact Sheet (2008, July). In National Institue of General Medical Sciences. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.nigms.nih.gov/Education/Factsheet_ArtificialSkin.htm • Dialysis. (2012). In National Kidney Foundation. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/dialysisinfo.cfm • Wein, H. (2010, June 28). Progress Toward an Artificial Liver Transplant. In National Institute of Health. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/june2010/06282010liver.htm • What Is a Total Artificial Heart?. (2010, June 1). In National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/tah/ • Ventricular Assist Device. (2012, January 26). In URMC Cardiology. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/cardiology/patient-care/treatments-procedures/ventricular-assist.cfm • Sheahan, H. (2011, July 14). No more oxygen for artificial lung. In RSC Advancing the Chemical Sciences. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2011/July/14071101.asp • Bole, K. (2010, September 2). UCSF Unveils Model for Implantable Artificial Kidney to Replace Dialysis. In UCSF. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.ucsf.edu/news/2010/09/4450/ucsf-unveils-model-implantable-artificial-kidney-replace-dialysis • Can an 'Artificial Pancreas' Normalize Type 1 Diabetes?. (2011, July). In Mayo Clinic's Online Research Magazine. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://discoverysedge.mayo.edu/artificial-pancreas/ • Medical Devices and Artifcial Organs. (2012). In McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine. Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.mirm.pitt.edu/programs/medical_devices/

27. Pictures • http://www.nigms.nih.gov/Education/Factsheet_ArtificialSkin.htm • http://www.google.ca/imgres?q=dialysis&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=648&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=HCWVGxFCxIZd-M:&imgrefurl=http://vam.anest.ufl.edu/simulations/dialysissimulation.php&docid=7XlMje-5JMhrhM&imgurl=http://vam.anest.ufl.edu/images/dialysis.jpg • http://discoverysedge.mayo.edu/artificial-pancreas/ • http://www.google.ca/imgres?q=VAD+heart&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=648&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=hegJ8bLy1lHpuM:&imgrefurl=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/vad/&docid=b4V8gXSSWNo-TM&imgurl=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/image • http://www.google.ca/imgres?q=VAD+heart&hl=en&biw=1366&bih=648&gbv=2&tbm=isch&tbnid=TCyRmTMOdS6alM:&imgrefurl=https://louisville.edu/speed/bioengineering/faculty/bioengineering-full/koenig/lvad-left-ventricular-assist-device.html • http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/tah/ • http://www.ucsf.edu/news/2010/09/4450/ucsf-unveils-model-implantable-artificial-kidney-replace-dialysis • http://www.nih.gov/researchmatters/june2010/06282010liver.htm • http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2011/July/14071101.asp