Proposed Atmospheric Field Observational Studies in India

1. Proposed Atmospheric Field Observational Studies in India B.D. Acharya, P. Sanjeeva Rao & D.R. Sikka Earth System Science Division Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi Email: psrao@nic.in, psanjeevarao@yahoo.com

2. Rainfall Variability over the Indian Region VARIATION IN MOISTURE REGIONS: 1997-2001 & NORMAL

3. Major Rainstorm Centers

4. Present understanding of Intraseasonal mode of Continental Tropical Convergence Zone (CTCZ) • On the average Intraseasonal mode is present even in the absence of low frequency forcing in boundary conditions during strong versus weak Monsoon years. • Observations needed to understand whether anomalies of Monsoon are associated with changes in weather regimes. • Synoptic scale transients like lows and depressions do not vary in a systematic way during strong and weak monsoon years.

5. Major Focus & Approach of CTCZ field campaigns • To understand the mechanisms leading to space-time variation of the CTCZ and the embedded monsoon disturbances during the summer monsoon. • Multi-disciplinary approach with study of the major interacting scales viz. planetary, regional, synoptic and mesoscale is essential. • Observations on all important time-scales from diurnal to intra-seasonal and inter-annual are required. Hence, a multi-year field campaign is planned.

6. Large-scale to Regional scale features of Tropical Convergence Zone over India • Transition in space and time scales between heat low to monsoon low. • Propagation of TCZ and the synoptic scale systems emanating from the oceanic regions. • Genesis of synoptic scale systems (disturbances) • Understanding the wet and dry spells in the CTCZ region.

7. Continental Tropical Convergence Zone (CTCZ) during 2007-2010 Major Components • Boundary Layer Processes • Land Surface Processes • Hydrological Processes at the River basin scale • Cloud-Aerosol Interactive Processes • Convection – Direct and Indirect Effects on the Energy and Water cycles • Regional and Meso-scale Modeling

8. Implementation Strategy andObservational Systems for CTCZ • Observational Periods: Pilot: July-August 2008 Main: July-August 2009, 2010 • Observational Systems Land based: Surface, Upper air, Radiation, PBL-Flux Towers, Doppler Radars, Wind Profilers. Ocean based: ORV Sagar Kanya (35-day Cruise), Buoys, Argos Space based: Aircraft, INSAT-3D, METEOSAT, Meghatropique and others

9. Upper Air Network in India Pilot Balloon Radiosonde

10. Radiation Observatory Network in India and Aerosol Network

11. Buoy Network maintained by National Institute of Ocean Technology INDIA INDIA Pipvav PB 1 EB 1 MB 1 EB 2 OB 12 Off Paradip PB 8 Mumbai PB 2 EB 8 Bay of Bengal OB 1 OB 11 Arabian Sea Machillipatnam PB 7 MB12 Goa PB 3 EB 7 OB 2 EB 3 MB11 OB 3 EB 6 OB 9 NIOT PB 4 Mangalore MB 2 Chennai EB 4 PB 6 MB10 OB 10 OB 4 OB 8 OB 5 MB 9 Tuticorin EB 5 MB 3 OB 6 Port Buoys PB 5 OB 7 Environmental Buoys MB 6 MB 4 MB 8 Ocean Buoys Met Buoys MB 7 MB 5

12. HIMALAYA SHIVALIK Land surface and atmospheric interaction studies at Solani watershed Total Area of the Watershed is 532.383 Square kilometer.

13. Observational Facility at IIT Kharagpur 50 meter instrumented micrometeorological tower Along with Vaisala GPS Receiver for upper air monitoring Establishment of 32 Meter PBL towers at Ranchi & Guwahati are in Progress.

14. Aerosol-Monsoon-Cloud Interaction Studies during July-August 2008 Work Plan Rainguage (Rain) Mesoscale Cloud Models run with obs. data Balloon Sounding (T, RH) Doppler Radar (Cloud, ppt, wind) NCMRWF Aircraft (Aerosol/Cloud microphysics, T, RH) Micro-Pulse LIDAR (Aerosol/cloud) NDLS LKO Kanpur PTA RNC KLTA ADI BPL Balloonsonde, Doppler Radar, Rainguage RAIP NGR Balloonsonde, Rainguage Aircraft, LIDAR, Rainguage VSP Doppler Radar, Ballonsonde, Rainguage Balloonsonde, Rainguage Satellite data will help design the final plan LIDAR Aircraft-based Measurements during 2008

15. 1μm 3nm 2μm 1550μm 20μm SMPS CCP Athelo OPC Plan for Aerosol-Cloud Measurements during CTCZ Measurements Airborne Ground Based Ultra fine, CCN, Cloud droplets, Ice particles, BC, Aerosol extinction (in and around the cloud) Aerosol and Cloud profile (Micro-pulse LIDAR) Microphysical Thermodynamical Temp., RH profile (Balloon Sounding) Temp., RH (vertical profile/in and around the cloud) Wind and Precipitation (Doppler Radar) Rain (Rainguage) Dynamical Chemical Filter Sampling (in and around the cloud) Chemical Analysis

16. Severe Thunderstorms – Observations & Regional Modeling (STORM) Programme Multi-Disciplinary, Multi-institutional Participatory Coordinated Research & Development Program Steered by DST.

17. Pilot Experiment in Eastern India 14 April- 31 May 2006 • Seven upper air radiosonde stations in this area. • IMD stations at Ranchi, Kolkata, Guwahati and Bhubaneswar. • IAF stations Kalaikunda and Panagarh [deployed by Indian Army]. • DRDO, Establishment at Chandipur • Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) Kolkata, weather radar at Dum Dum provided radar observations on convection in the core meso-scale network while the synoptic network covered by radar stations at Patna, Ranchi, Bhubaneshwar, Paradip, Kolkata, and Dum Dum. • Initial network of 17 AWS

18. Synoptic- and Meso-scale Domains of STORM: Pilot phase during 2007 in Eastern and Northeastern India.

19. Thank you

20. CTCZ/STORM-Data Policy • Participating PIs in collecting new datasets are free to exchange their data with other PIs. • Quality checked atmospheric data would be distributed at the end of one-year from the completion of field phase through data Centre. • Sub-surface oceanographic data could be exchanged by Indian researchers with an undertaking for self use only. Data would not be exchanged with any foreign scientist, without prior permission from Min. of Defence. • All land-atmospheric data sets would be in Public domain at the end of two years of field phase. • Final data would be archieved at NDC, IMD, Pune.