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Today's Question: Homework:

Today's Question: Homework:. If all of your cells had a mutation in an important gene, why could that be bad?. Chromosomes-. Each chromosome is made of many genes. . Genes-. Each gene holds a sequence to be transcribed and translated into a protein.

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Today's Question: Homework:

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  1. Today's Question: Homework: If all of your cells had a mutationin an important gene, whycould that be bad?

  2. Chromosomes- • Each chromosome is made of many genes. Genes- • Each gene holds a sequence to be transcribed and translated into a protein. • A gene is an instruction for a protein to be made by your body. The Big Picture-

  3. Making new cells- • All cells in you have the SAME genetic code. • only read certain genes to tell them what that cell should do • When a new cell is made… • these cells differentiate, turning on/off different parts of DNA to make them a specific type of cell

  4. The problem… • DNA is the code of life • BUT- it cannot leave the nucleus, AND it is written in the wrong language • You need something to COPY and TRANSLATE it!

  5. RNA (the copier)- • Single-stranded ribonucleic acid acts to bring the DNA’s message to the ribosome, telling it what protein to make. Only two difference- • In RNA, no T. Instead, has U • Single-, not double-stranded DNA vs. RNA

  6. 3 types • rRNA (ribosomal RNA) • makes up ribosomes • *mRNA (messenger RNA) • brings DNA’s code to ribosome • *tRNA(transfer RNA) • brings amino acids to ribosome for protein construction Types of RNA-

  7. Transcription- • DNA used as a template • DNA opens in part, and each “gene” is used as a template for an mRNA strand to be constructed • mRNA read in 3-letter sequences by the ribosome Animation of Transcription

  8. RNA goes to the Ribosome (the translator RNA is “translated” into a protein • each coded tRNA brings with it an amino acid to add to the protein Translation- Animation of Translation

  9. A change in a genetic sequence.This can result in a change in the three-letter sequence, which results in differentamino acids being added, and the wrongprotein made Mutation

  10. Point mutations- • A single DNA nucleotide is changed, resulting in one wrong codon being produced. • AAT  AAG would add L instead of A to the amino acid chain. Types of mutations

  11. Types of mutations • Frame-shift mutations • Insertion or deletion • One nucleotide is either added or removed from the sequence, resulting in a change in all of the codons that result in the chain. • ATT GCC CTG GAT TAC • ATT CGC CCT GGA TTA C

  12. Lac gene: • When glucose present, lac (lactose) gene is off (use glucose instead of lactose for energy • When no glucose, lac gene turns back on to use other sugars (lactose) to | make energy Environment and genetics

  13. In many cases, the environment anorganism is in will change its geneticexpression. • Some will turn genes on, some will turn genes off • **Your DNA doesn’t change, what does change is what genes are turned on and which are turned off Genes and the Environment

  14. Today's Question: Homework: If a rabbit moves to a new locationand its fur color changes, has its DNA changed? Explain?

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