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Scientific Process

Scientific Process. The Scientific Method involves a series of steps that are used to investigate a natural occurrence. Problem/Question Observation/Research Formulate a Hypothesis Experiment Collect and Analyze Results Conclusion Communicate the Results.

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Scientific Process

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  1. Scientific Process • The Scientific Method involves a series of steps that are used to investigate a natural occurrence. Problem/Question Observation/Research Formulate a Hypothesis Experiment Collect and Analyze Results Conclusion Communicate the Results

  2. Problem/Question: Develop a question or problem that can be solved through experimentation. Observation/Research: Make observations and research your topic of interest. Formulate a Hypothesis: Predict a possible answer to the problem or question. Experiment: Develop and follow a procedure. Include a detailed materials list. The outcome must be measurable (quantifiable). Collect and Analyze Results: Modify the procedure if needed. Confirm the results by retesting. Include tables, graphs, and photographs. Conclusion: Include a statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis. Make recommendations for further study and possible improvements to the procedure. Communicate the Results: Be prepared to present the project to an audience. Expect questions from the audience.

  3. Molecules to Organisms Plant cell vs. Animal cell

  4. Organisms • Single celled • Body is made up of single cell • Division of labor is at the organelle level • A single cell carries out all the life processes • An injury of the cells can cause death of the organism • Lifespan is short due to heavy load of work • Multicellular • Body is made up of numerous cells • Division of labor may be at cellular, tissue, organ and organ system level. • Different cells are specialized to perform different functions • Injury or death of some cells does not affect the organisms as the same can be replaced by new one. • Lifespan is long due to limited load of work for each cell type

  5. Cells • Basic unit of life. • All organisms are formed from one or more cells. • All cells carry out life processes. • Two types of cells: • Plant cell • Animal cell

  6. Three main components of a cell • CELL MEMBRANE: Separates the cell from its external environment, fluid like, and protects the cell and provides stability. • CYTOPLASM: The jelly-like substance composed of mainly water and found between the cell membrane and nucleus. • NUCLEUS: The largest organelle in the cell. It is dark and round, and is surrounded by a double membrane, "control center" of the cell.

  7. Organelles: maintenance of cell • ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM: A network of membranous canals filled with fluid that carry materials throughout the cell. • RIBOSOMES: Small particles that produce protein. • MITOCHONDRIA: Round organelles that release energy from food molecules to be used by the cell. • VACUOLES: Fluid filled organelles enclosed by a membrane that store materials such as food, water, sugar, minerals and waste products.

  8. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM RIBOSOMES: MITOCHONDRIA VACUOLES

  9. Only in PLANT cells • CELL WALL: Rigid organelle composed of cellulose and lying just outside the cell membrane, giving the cell a “box-like” shape. • CHLOROPLAST: A green pigment necessary to carry out photosynthesis.

  10. Animal Cell

  11. Plant cell

  12. Cells in the human body • Cells are the building blocks to life • Tissue is made from groups of cells • Organs are formed from tissue • Human body functions are processed by groups of organs

  13. Reproduction of cells • Mitosis • Diploid: matching pairs of chromosomes in body cells • Mother cell – two daughter cells • DNA must be copied to allow: • Growth • Repair to damaged tissue • Replacement of worn out cells • Mitosis in action

  14. Homework: • Cell Structure Reading Guided Activity sheet. • Generate either a brainstormed list or a free writing piece about cells and their functions to use for next class.

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