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Future Perspective of Heavy Ion Physics at the QCD Lab

Future Perspective of Heavy Ion Physics at the QCD Lab. Outline Where are we now (physics-wise) at RHIC? Where are we going (physics-wise)? What will it take to get there? What is the role of the QCD Lab in this field (with RHIC & LHC)?. Where are we now (physics-wise) at RHIC?.

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Future Perspective of Heavy Ion Physics at the QCD Lab

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  1. Future Perspective of Heavy Ion Physics at the QCD Lab • Outline • Where are we now (physics-wise) at RHIC? • Where are we going (physics-wise)? • What will it take to get there? • What is the role of the QCD Lab in this field (with RHIC & LHC)? John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  2. Where are we now (physics-wise) at RHIC? John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  3. After 5 Years of RHIC → Experimental Evidence for an sQGP • After the completely unexpected RHIC v2 results on DAY 1 ! •  “perfect” fluid flow • came the STAR & PHENIX particle identified flow • appropriate dynamical approach QGP EoS,, quark coalescence • then the thermalization as seen in all particle ratios fit by thermal models •  T = 177 MeV ~ Tc (lattice QCD) • Next the remarkable STAR & PHENIX suppression of high pT hadrons •  extreme gluon/energy densities (verifying initial PHENIX & STAR e >> ec ) • observation of the spectacular disappearance of the away-side jet •  large opacity •  strongly-interacting QGP (sQGP) • flow of heavy quarks and their suppression at high pT •  similarity with light quarks defies theoretical predictions…… John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  4. Where are we going (physics-wise)? John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  5. Deconfinement Initial T Low s physics require RHIC luminosity upgrade + Parton energy loss Properties of QGP Response of medium PHENIX MVTX PHENIX HBD PHENIX Aerogel STAR ToF STAR HFT Where are we headed at RHIC? PHENIX & STAR - “continue to establish presence & properties of sQGP” • Systematic study (vs.…) of soft observables • Electromagnetic Probes • Heavy Flavors • Hard Probes - jets PHENIX & STAR: “will continue upgrading detector capabilities” • Increase triggering capabilities and DAQ rates • Expand apertures • Add new capabilities (micro-vertexing, low-mass di-leptons, high pT PID) • Direct g –thermal radiation, shadowing • Virtual g (e+e-) -chiral restoration via low mass di-leptons • Open charm, charmonium (y, y’) spectroscopy • Open beauty, bottomonium (U, U’, U’’) spectroscopy • Flavor-tagged jets • via leading particles • g-jet, D-jet, B-jet, topology (jet energy)! John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  6. Deconfinement Initial T Low s physics require RHIC luminosity upgrade + Parton energy loss Properties of QGP Response of medium PHENIX MVTX PHENIX HBD PHENIX Aerogel STAR ToF STAR HFT Where are we headed at RHIC? PHENIX & STAR - “continue to establish presence & properties of sQGP” • Systematic study (vs.…) of soft observables • Electromagnetic Probes • Heavy Flavors • Hard Probes - jets PHENIX & STAR: “will continue upgrading detector capabilities” • Increase triggering capabilities and DAQ rates • Expand apertures • Add new capabilities (micro-vertexing, low-mass di-leptons, high pT PID) • Direct g –thermal radiation, shadowing • Virtual g (e+e-) -chiral restoration via low mass di-leptons • Open charm, charmonium (y, y’) spectroscopy • Open beauty, bottomonium (U, U’, U’’) spectroscopy • Flavor-tagged jets • via leading particles • g-jet, D-jet, B-jet, topology (jet energy)! How far do the RHIC detector upgrades get us? John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  7. LHC initial state 400 350 300 RHIC initial states 250 T (MeV) 200 150 100 50 0 QCD Phase Diagram Evolution - RHIC, LHC? • Differences • Initial temperatures • System lifetimes • Evolution? • Similarities • Final stages of evolution • Entire evolution different! • Jet propagation • Resulting energy deposition • Quarkonium melting John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  8. Open Questions at RHIC Shuryak LHC • What are the degrees of freedom in the evolution at RHIC? •  Can we determine the constituents as a function of energy density (or T)? sQGP & its evolution • Initial T? (gg HBT) • Deconfinement Tc (Quarkonium melting) • Constituents (partons, quasi-bound states, pre-hadrons...) • Parton density (jet tomography, flavor, intra-, inter-jet correlations) • Response to energy deposition • Bulk properties • Equation of State • Chiral symmetry restoration? John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  9. Future Systematic Studies of Soft Observables atEstablish Presence and Properties of the QGP! When can we answer with confidence following questions….. John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  10. The sQGP Phase Transition Is system thermalized? On what timescale ? Can we determine the temperature? Nature of phase transition? • Establish transport & diffusion coefficients → need microscopic transport • Elliptic flow & RAA of D & B mesons→ requires luminosity Tri-critical point? • Near m bfreezout ~ Tc , √s ~ 25 GeV (not accessible at LHC) • Vary √s search for enhancement in E-by-E fluctuations in <pT> and baryon number→ more run-time or luminosity. What is the EoS ? • Connection with thermodynamic properties of QGP on lattice • PID elliptic flow & PID spectra • Effective degrees of freedom versus multiplicity → deconfinement from lattice QCD plot (e vs T) John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  11. Properties of sQGP & Evolving Medium Temperature of medium? • Already have chemical Tc - particle ratios • Thermal photons - First results from PHENIX…. • Low pTW spectra with ~5% error bars – data on tape sufficient? How does medium respond? • Speed of sound and color di-electric constant • Trigger jet and away-side correlations • Mach shockwaves, Cherenkov radiation • PID intra-jet correlations What is hadronization, i.e. how is mass generated? • Effect of chirally-restored medium? Chiral partners? Fragmentation • PID intra-jet correlations John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  12. The sQGP – a Perfect Fluid? How perfect is our fluid? • Characteristics of medium & dissipative effects →viscosity, heat capacity, speed of sound, diffusion coefficients • Different quark N fluctuations, v2 , RAA→ diffusion coefficients Ideal hydro → zero viscosity →need viscous hydro calculation • What is zero viscosity? Much less than that of water! AdS/CFT limit! • Flow in U + U and at LHC vs hydro limit! • Study away from mid-rapidity (more viscous and less thermal) • Study details of light/strange, charm, beauty quarks propagation through the nearly perfect fluid! Should be different? My view – “Theory needs to catch up!” “We must identify more sensitive observables” • Can we get bulk properties from lattice? • Bulk (transport) properties from dynamical (or hybrid) model? John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  13. Synopsis for sQGPQGP discovery (without equivocation)!Many properties of QGP will/still to be determined. • Still to do: • Establish constituents of sQGP state (EOS)? • Use heavy flavors, flavor-triggered jets & jets at larger pT! • - as probe of sQGP and response of medium • Study onium for convincing picture of deconfinement? Tc? • And ….. whatever happened to chiral restoration? John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  14. Jets at John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  15. Compelling “Jet Physics” for RHIC & QCD Lab (in LHC-era)* Characterizing the sQGP using partons * not complete at LHC! • “Jet” Probes • High pT identified (light-, s-, c-, b-quark) particles • fragmentation function modification and flavor dependence • g-jet, g- high-pT identified particle, particle-particle, di-jets • parton energy loss in medium, response of medium • fragmentation function modification, di-hadron fragmentation functions • Measure over Multi-Parameter Space: • Energy - √s • Geometry - system A1+A2 , impact parameter b • Rapidity (x-dependence) to forward angles • Transverse momentum of jet / leading particle • Particle type (flavor) • Orientation relative to flow plane (fflow) • Photon-tag on opposite side FQGP (rgQGP) = finitial (√s, A1+A2, b, x1, x2, Q2)  fQGP (pTg,yg ,fg ,pT jet,y jet ,f jet,flavor jet, f flow) John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  16. g/parton Renk, HP2006 Renk, HP2006 near-side near-side parton Triggered jets come from near-side surface flow plane Detailed “Tomography” of the QGP FQGP (rgQGP) =finitial (√s, A1+A2, b, x1, x2, Q2)  fQGP (pTg,yg ,fg ,pT jet,y jet ,f jet, flavor jet, f flow) Di-hadrons penetrate core! “jet John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  17. Dijet rapidity correlation Trigger vertex distribution From talk by Berndt Mueller in this Workshop Mach cone phenomenology II Renk - Ruppert, hep-ph/0605330 Renk, nucl-th/0607035 Rapidity cut effects Flow effects on correlation

  18. Au+Au, 0-5% pp AA STAR results on correlations for pT < 2 GeV/c Jets Broaden Significantly in Pseudorapidity! Broadening in h and f pp  AA Kinematics in h and pT in pp (g+jet) 200 GeV, || < 0.7 2.5 < pT(trig) < 4 GeV2 < pT(assoc) < pT(trig) Dhelongation even on near-side! Large acceptance for g’s, high pT particles, jets (energy) essential to understand jets, high pT correlations and x-dependence (esp. forward - low x)  with tracking + EMCAL (+ ….) John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  19. Reminder - Gluon versus Quark Jets LHC  Gluon jets Top energy RHIC pT < 20 GeV  Gluon jets pT > 20 GeV  Quark jets Lower RHIC energy transition from gluon to quark jets Utilize RHIC versatility in √s! g-jet and di-hadrons h1 h2 correlations  x1 x2 correlations qg, gg, qq scattering 3-jet events? John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  20. AuAu (b = 0), s1/2 = 200 GeV dN/dyd2pT (y=0) (GeV-2c-3) g q STAR g q Note: g-jet calibrates di-hadrons & all correlations g + jet from STAR decadel plan Direct photons • pT  10 GeV/c for 1 nb-1 • pT  15 GeV/c for 10 nb-1 • Issues of fragmentation g’s • Distinguish direct from frag. g’s • How does energy loss affect this? g+jet •  1% jets have leading hadron > bkgd • Measure away-side frag. function g+jet yields in STAR (central Au+Au – long Au + Au run): Eg= 10 GeV: ~8K ch. hadrons in spectrum Eg= 15 GeV: ~1K ch. hadrons in spectrum Detailed g - jet measurements* require luminosity (and increase in coverage)! XN Wang et al STAR Upgrades Workshop – 2 December 2005

  21. Each flavor partoncontributes differently to fragmentation function (see Bourrely & Soffer, hep-ph/0305070) should lose different amounts of energyin opaque medium. z z 2 GeV/c proton in 10 GeV jet Aside – effect of heavy quark propagation p/p ratio? Understanding Hadronization, Fragmentation & Medium Modification from Jet Quenching? Measure fragmentation functions in pp & modifications in AA. Study z = phadron/pjet and x dependence : 0.2 < z < 1  7 < p < 30 GeV/c 0.1 < x < 0.001  0 <  < 3 High pT Identified particles Intra- and inter-jet particle correlations Large  acceptance -tagged jets 0.2 < z < 1  7 < p < 30 GeV/c 0.1 < x < 0.001  0 <  < 3  Essential for real “jet tomography” John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  22. pq,g > 10 GeV/c pq,g > 10 GeV/c all h |h| < 0.5 106 events Multiply pp events by factor of ~ 8 x 1015 for AuAu events in 30 nb-1 RHIC year Track-by-track High-pT Particle ID (p, K, p) and Jets Jets at RHIC II (30 nb-1)  180k at 40 GeV g+jet at high ETg for ETg = 20 GeV  19,000 g + jet events (1000 @ 30 GeV) in 30 nb-1 with high pT PID over full rapidity John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  23. high-x valence quark 0.3 < xq< 0.7 low-x gluon 0.001< xg < 0.1 For 22 processes Log10(xGluon) forward detector frw. det. Central Tracking + calorimetry + PID hGluon Forward Coverage in pp, dA and AA Forward emission in hadron collider: QCD analog of low-x deep-inelastic scattering • Large mid-rapidity acceptance (|h|<3.4) + forward rapidity (3.5 < |h| < 4.8) • Large acceptance - full coverage of recoil parton and PID  Spin effects with rapidity interval correlations Rapidity interval (forward - mid rapidity) correlations (Mueller-Navelet Jets) John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  24. Future of Heavy Flavors at • Quarkonium Physics • Deconfinement • QCD Thermometer • Open Charm and Bottom Physics (Do, D*, D±, Ds, B) • Low pT - Thermalization • High pT – Tomography, Transport & other properties of QGP John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  25. Quarkonium – Thermometer of Dense QCD TRHIC > Tmelt(cc) ,Tmelt(Y’) , Tmelt((3S)) TLHC > Tmelt(J/Y),Tmelt(cb) ,Tmelt((2S)) Satz, HP2006 Tmelt(Y’) < Tmelt((3S)) < Tmelt(J/Y)  Tmelt((2S)) < TRHIC < Tmelt((1S))? John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  26. Quarkonium Physics • Must measure cc feed-down to J/y • Production mechanism studies • Nuclear absorption/shadowing studies • Resolution: xF dependence: • Acceptance  Rates • Precision Tracking + Muon Detectors + EMCAL + PID • Large acceptance for electrons and muons John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  27. Charmonium cc Feed-down Broadening in h and pT in pp (g+jet) To measure cc decay & determine feed-down to J/y cc J/y + g, must have large forward acceptance for g John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  28. STAR triggered   e+e- resolution • Dm = 340 MeV for 1s • mVTX improves resolution to Dm = 170 MeV from STAR decadel plan 2 hadron suppression factors (tradeoff - efficiency vs background) Heavy Flavor (Quarkonium)   e+e-resolution • PHENIX (10 nb-1)*   e+e- • with VTX (Dm = 60 MeV) • w.o. VTX (Dm = 170 MeV) (* 3 - 4 RHIC years of Au + Au) from PHENIX decadel plan  (1s),  (2s),  (3s) program:   e+e- resolution (PHENIX VTX)   m+m- states unresolved! Statistics? John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  29. RHIC-II - Heavy Flavor Yields • All numbers are first rough estimates (including trigger and reconstruction efficiencies) for 12 weeks physics run (∫Leff dt ~ 18 nb-1) T. Frawley, PANIC’05, RHIC-II Satellite Meeting * Large backgrounds, quality uncertain as yet ** Running at 100 Hz min bias + 1 month (= year), P. Crochet, EPJdirect A1, a (2005) and private comm.

  30. Future of Electromagnetic Probes at • Thermal radiation (photons) • Medium modifications of vector mesons • Chiral symmetry breaking • Bound states in sQGP? John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  31. Direct Photons from PHENIX – QM05 Run 4 – definitive!? Benefit from larger  L  dt ? EM Probes (Direct Photons) Published Direct Photons from PHENIX sNN = 200 GeV Au + Au Thermal photons (1 < pT < 4 GeV/c)? Curves pQCP for pp with binary scaling Direct photons pQCD + binary scaling John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  32. STAR • requires • Hadron-blind TPC (HBD) •  L  dt • for detailed charm studies • requires • ToF • for electrons (pT > 0.2 GeV/c) •  L  dt • for detailed charm studies EM Probes (Virtual Photons via e+e- ) • Medium modifications of vector mesons • Chiral symmetry breaking • Bound states in sQGP ? • Thermal radiation • May be dominated by charm R. Rapp nucl-th/0204003 Significant background issues! - e.g. Dalitz, correlated charm decays,.... John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  33. Summary • Planned RHIC Detector Upgrades • QGP discovery and some properties • Temperatures (initial, deconfinement)? Constituents? • RHIC Luminosity Upgrade • Allows some investigation of c & b physics (transport properties, E-loss) • Allows J/y and y’ measurements (cc depends on detectors) • Initial look at g-jet and hadronization • Some Compelling Physics Awaits Luminosity & Next Generation Det. Systems •  physics (deconfinement and initial T), Detailed ystematics RHIC ↔ LHC • Detailed (PID & flavor-dependent) g-jet, intra-jet, jet-jet studies, & hadronization • Don’t forget RHIC’s other Unique Roles • Phase(s) of Matter (evolution of CGC → QGP) and investigating tri-critical point • New Spin Physics Observables • Prospects of the Unknown? • These move us in the era of heavy ions in the QCD Lab ………………….. John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  34. Heavy Ions in the QCD Lab – Fundamental QUESTIONS Requiring Real Answers • Degrees of Freedom of the sQGP (when, how will we get this?) • Properties of sQGP and characteristics of the phase transition (when can we describe these to others?) • Evolution of thermodynamic variables predicted from dynamical models • Fundamental properties predicted by fundamental theories - QCD, possibly AdS/CFT, others…. • Color Glass Condensate & evolution to QGP (requires all of above…) • P and CP Violation near the QCD Phase Transition? • Large statistics data samples with reduced systematic errors • Origin of Mass • Understanding hadronization from fragmentation into various flavors • Chiral Symmetry Restoration • fragmentation into resonances in- and out-of-medium, chiral partners??? John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  35. Heavy Ions in the QCD Lab • Real answers will require next generation RHI Experiment(s) at QCD Lab • This is an absolute necessity for this field to accomplish its goals!! • One such experiment should include: • Large (nearly hermetic) acceptance • Identification of all hadrons track-by-track to large momenta • Flavor tagging capabilities track-by-track • Excellent resolution - track momenta and calorimetry (including g’s) • Other experiments (small and/or large)? John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  36. Basic Concept Parton side Hadron side Lepton side meters A Comprehensive Detector Concept at the QCD Lab John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  37. Basic Concept Basic Concept Parton side Parton side Hadron side Hadron side Lepton side Lepton side meters meters Comprehensive Detector Concept at the QCD Lab John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  38. Characteristics of Detector  Allow a Unique RHIC II Physics Program Central detector (|h| 3.4) HCal and m-detectors Forward tracking: 2-stage Si disks Superconducting coil (B = 1.3T) HCal and m-detectors EM Calorimeter Forward magnet (B = 1.5T) Vertex tracking RICH ToF Tracking: Si, mini-TPC(?), m-pad chambers Forward spectrometer: (h= 3.5 - 4.8) RICH EMCal (CLEO) HCal (HERA) m-absorber Aerogel h= 1.2 – 3.5 PID: RICH ToF Aerogel |h|  1.2 A Heavy Ion Detector Concept for the QCD Lab Answers for the RHI program will NOT be complete without an RHI QCD Lab program John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

  39. Heavy Ions in the QCD Lab – Fundamental QUESTIONS Requiring Real Answers • Degrees of Freedom of the sQGP (when, how will we get this?) • Properties of sQGP and characteristics of the phase transition (when can we describe these to others?) • Evolution of thermodynamic variables predicted from dynamical models • Fundamental properties predicted by fundamental theories - QCD, possibly AdS/CFT, others…. • Color Glass Condensate & evolution to QGP (requires all of above…) • P and CP Violation near the QCD Phase Transition? • Large statistics data samples with reduced systematic errors • Origin of Mass • Understanding hadronization from fragmentation into various flavors • Chiral Symmetry Restoration • fragmentation into resonances in- and out-of-medium, chiral partners??? John Harris (Yale) QCD Lab Workshop, BNL 17 – 22 July 2006

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