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Locomotion

Locomotion. Locomotion:. The act or power of moving from place to place. Vocabulary. The ability to move from place to place. Lacking the ability to move on their own or being stationary. Motile = Sessile = Muscle contraction = Exoskeleton = Endoskeleton = Pseudopods = Cilia =

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Locomotion

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  1. Locomotion

  2. Locomotion: The act or power of moving from place to place

  3. Vocabulary The ability to move from place to place Lacking the ability to move on their own or being stationary • Motile = • Sessile = • Muscle contraction = • Exoskeleton = • Endoskeleton = • Pseudopods = • Cilia = • Flagella = • Setae = How muscles exert force, by shortening Skeleton on the outside of the body Skeleton on the inside of the body Temporary projection of the cell surface Short hair-like fibers on an organism the beat rhythmically Larger hair-like fibers, usually only 1 or 2 per cell Tiny bristles on the underside of the earthworm

  4. Advantages for Locomotion • It is easier to get food • It its easier to find shelter • An organism can move away from dangerous conditions or predators • It is easier to find mates and reproduce

  5. Locomotion in the Deep Sea http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtj_JSlKXgY

  6. Adaptations in Locomotion

  7. Locomotion in Protists • Amoeba • Paramecium • Euglena

  8. Amoeba • An organism moves when the cytoplasm moves into or out of the pseudopods • This movement is also seen in white blood cells • This movement is also known as amoeboid movement

  9. To see an amoeba move… http://www.biophysik.uni-bremen.de/radmacher/animations/amoeba.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Nb6MUF-B5Y http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W6rnhiMxtKU&NR=1

  10. Paramecium • Paramecium move by cilia beating rhythmically • They move quicker than amoeba

  11. To see a paramecium move… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wdv9eYtXSpE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l9ymaSzcsdY&NR=1&feature=fvwp

  12. Euglena • Euglena moves by one long, thin structure called a flagella • Whip-like movementspull it through the water http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGAm6hMysTA&NR=1

  13. Locomotion in the Earthworm • Outer and inner layers of muscles shorten and lengthen the body • Setae hook the ground in order for the body to push and pull forward

  14. To see an earthworm move… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oH8NMYi7qqw http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=55812 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nzSvNNRwGnc

  15. Locomotion in the Grasshopper • Exoskeleton divided into plates to allow movement • 3 pair of jointed legs • First 2 pair used for walking • Powerful third pair used for jumping • 2 pair of wings for flying

  16. To see a grasshopper move… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cevL1RWcmqQ

  17. The Skeletal System

  18. Bones and Cartilage Bones • Are a type of connective tissue • Act as an attachment for muscles • Give the body shape and support • Protect the body’s organs • Serve as a storage area for minerals (calcium) • Produce red and white blood cells in the marrow (soft inside) • True red marrow produces red blood cells • The periosteumis the tough layer of connective tissue that surrounds and protects the bone. • Two types of bone tissue • Spongy - light weight but adds strength to bone • Compact – more dense and stores minerals (calcium)

  19. Bones and Cartilage Cartilage • Is a type of connective tissuethat bends easily • Most of the skeleton of an embryo is cartilage • In adults, it only remains in the joints, the ears, the nose and at the end of the ribs • Cushions the joints

  20. The Human Skeleton • 206 bones • Two main parts • The axial skeleton • The appendicular skeleton

  21. The Axial Skeleton Made up of • Cranium (skull) • Vertebral column (backbone) • Sternum (breast bone) • Rib cage

  22. The Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle: • Arm bones • Wrist and hand bones • Scapula (shoulder blades) • Clavicles (collar bones) Pelvic girdle: • Pelvis • Leg bones • Ankle and foot bones

  23. Joints • The place where bones meet is called a joint • Some are immovable (i.e.. the skull) • Most are moveable

  24. Joints Moveable joints: • Hinge = elbow and knee • Ball-and-Socket = shoulder and hip • Pivot = base of the skull • Gliding joint = wrists

  25. Ligaments • Attaches bone to bone

  26. Tendons • Attach muscles to bones

  27. Remember… Ligaments attach Tendons attach bone to bone muscles to bone

  28. The Human Muscular System • Muscles can exert force when they contract, or shorten. • When they contract, they move the parts of the skeleton (bones) they are attached to.

  29. The Human Muscular System There are three types of muscles: • Cardiac muscle (heart muscle) • Smooth muscle (muscles of the organs and blood vessels) • Skeletal muscles(muscles that move your skeleton bones)

  30. Cardiac Muscle • Muscle that makes up the heart • These muscles are involuntary (you do not have conscious control over their contractions)

  31. Smooth muscles • Found in the walls of internal organs, in the walls of arteries, and the diaphragm • These muscles are involuntary(you do not have conscious control over their contractions)

  32. Skeletal muscles • Voluntary muscles– you do have control of the movement • They are fastened to the bones of the skeleton • Muscle cells fuse together to form muscle fibers

  33. Skeletal muscles • Muscles are attached to the bones by tendons

  34. Skeletal muscles • There is always a certain amount of tone in the skeletal muscles – even at rest. • Skeletal muscles are in a state of readiness known as muscle tone

  35. Skeletal muscles • Muscles can only pull, they cannot push • Muscles move a joint in antagonistic pairs

  36. On one side of the joint, the muscle flexes (contacts) while the other side of the joint extends (relaxes) The biceps contract The triceps relax

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