Italy’s Geography

1. Italy’s Geography Gives Rome Many Advantages

2. The Italian Peninsula

3. Surrounded by Water on Three Sides • Can you identify the three seas around Italy? • Adriatic Sea • Ionian Sea • Tyrrhenian Sea • These seas are all part of the Mediterranean Sea.

4. Two Mountain Ranges 122 degrees in Sicily, but the Alps are still snow and ice covered in July! The Apennines are like a long spine down the center of Italy

5. Two Islands SARDINIA SICILY Strait of Messina separates Sicily from Italy

6. Two Important Rivers Tiber River Po River

7. Land and People of Italy Peninsula: 750 miles long and only about 120 miles wide. Apennine Mountains: Backbone of Italy. Rome: on Tiber River, center of Italy. Po River: Fertile River valley in north. Latium: Plain where Rome was established. Alps Po River Apennine Mtns. Adriatic Sea Tiber Corsica Rome Sardinia Tyrrhenian Sea Ionian Sea Sicily Carthage Mediterranean Sea Africa

8. Influence of Geography Rome’s location benefited it in several ways. 1) It was located 18 miles up river from the sea, the Tiber gave it access to the Mediterranean, but it was far enough inland to be protected from invasion. 2) It was built on seven hills, so it was easy to defend. 3) The Tiber narrowed near Rome, so the river could be crossed Farmland Rome had more available farmland than Greece Central Location ofRome The City of Rome is in the middle of the Italian Peninsula. Italian Peninsula In the middle of the Mediterranean Sea This gave Rome access to trade and conquest throughout the Mediterranean.

9. The Peoples of Italy Latins Indo European people who spoke Latin and settled on the plain of Latium. Greeks Had settled during Greek colonization. Were mostly in the south. They influenced Rome in agriculture with the cultivation the grape and olive. In culture including sculpture, architecture, and literature. The Romans also adopted their alphabet. The Roman’s mythologyadopted Greek gods and goddesses. Carthage (Phoenician)

10. Etruscans The Etruscans had the greatest influence on the Romans. They were located northof Rome in Etruria, they expanded into Italy and came to control Rome and most of Latium. They turned the Latin villages into the city of Rome. The Romans adopted their dress, the toga and short cloak The Romans also adopted their military organization.

11. Etruscan Gate of Volterra A R C H E S http://infinity.cos.edu/art/strong/module/history2/unit4/etruscan/index.html

12. Roman Contributions • Art/Architecture • Pantheon (118 to 125 CE/AD – Roman temple in the forum) • Coliseum (80 CE/AD –the Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheatre) • Forum (heart of Rome - commerce, business, and administration of justice) • Roman arches (structurally superior) • Corinthian Columns (architecturally advanced)

13. Circus Maximus

14. The Colosseum

15. Science/Technology • Ptolemy (90 to 168 CE/AD), astronomer who set forth that the Earth was the center of the universe • Roman roads, large all weather roads built to promote safe travel • Aqueducts, provided a clean source of water from distant sources • Health/medicine • Establishment of formal medical schools • Creation of a public water system (aqueducts bring fresh water into the city and sewers remove dirty water from the city) • public baths allow for daily bathing

16. Roman Contributions • Language/Literature • Latin is the root of all romance languages and the language of the Catholic Church • Virgil writes the Aeneid, the story of a Trojan who travels to the Italian Peninsula and becomes a Roman ancestor (29 to 19 BCE/BC) • Law • Twelve Tables expand to include the presumption of innocence until guilt proven • Earliest Roman CODE OF LAW • Earliest (surviving) literature from the Romans (450s BCE) • Laws dealing with trials, debt, paternal rights, inheritance, possessions, and injuries • Public and religious laws

17. Roman Contributions • Religion • Roman mythology adopts aspects of multiple conquered religions • Christianity is first outlawed in Rome (Paul executed 62 CE/AD), but is then accepted in Rome (Constantine converts and then recognizes the church in 313 CE/AD) and is thereafter adopted as the official Roman imperial religion (via Theodosius I in 380 CE/AD)

18. Pats and Plebs • Roman Social classes • Patrician: the nobility (aristocrat) and ruling class (including gov’t and religious leaders) • Plebeian: majority including landowners, townspeople, merchants, and small farmers • Slaves: forced into involuntary servitude based on conquest • Citizenship: held by all patrician and plebeian men and extended to a few foreigners as a privilege (usually local leaders and aristocrats of a conquered people) • Citizens could vote, but were responsible to pay taxes and serve in the military.

19. The Republic • Two Consuls (two citizens who represented the power of the old Roman monarchy) • Elected by the Senate to a one year term and then made a senator for life • Led the army, served as judges, and represented Rome in foreign affairs • One consul could veto the other counsel • Senate: advisory branch of government made up first of appointed patricians and then both patricians and plebeians after the Council of Orders (300 BCE/BC) • Assembly: democratically elected members (citizens) made or rejected laws and decided issues of war and peace • Emergency power: in times of war a dictator could be appointed for six months

20. The Punic Wars • Carthage and Rome • Three rounds • Rome wins all three • End results • Carthage is destroyed • Rome is master of the western Mediterranean

21. The First Punic War • 264-241 BC • Rome wins • Sicily is now part of Rome • Carthage must pay Rome $, called an indemnity

22. Second Punic War Carthage has a daring general; crosses the Alps and wins many early battles. Rome doesn’t seem able to defeat Carthage Rome finds a brilliant general Rome builds a fleet and takes the war to Carthage It’s all over in 204, at Zama. Rome wins again!

23. The Opposing Generals Rome’s Scipio Africanus Carthage’s Hannibal

24. Hannibal’s Daring Ventures Crosses the Alps with elephants Defeats Roman army at Cannae; 55,000 Roman soldiers killed in 1 day

25. Results of Second Punic War • Rome takes Spain from Carthage • Carthage has to pay more money • Carthage gives Rome control of all of its foreign relations

26. Third Punic War • Roman Senator Cato desires to destroy Carthage -”Carthago delenda est” • Carthage must be destroyed • 146 B.C. Rome destroys and burns Carthage • Placed salt in soil • Sold remaining people into slavery • Rome gains complete control of Western Mediterranean

27. Rome Grows Again!

28. Results of the Punic Wars • Rome is master of the Western Mediterranean • Enormous stretches of land and large numbers of people have been added. • Rome has no competition in the west. • Rome is enormously rich because of the silver mines it develops in Spain.

29. Class Conflict and Civil Strife • Plebes gained more rights • More victories yielded more slaves • It became harder for plebeian farmers to keep their land • More landless Plebeians came into Rome, but could not find jobs • Licinius in 367 BC tried to help the farmer • Farms could not be larger than 300 acres • Landowners had to hire a certain number of free farm laborers, not use only slaves

30. Even the slaves had too much! • Spartacus leads a massive slave revolt in which more than 70,000 slaves participate.

31. Gracchi Brothers • Brothers tried to reform the land owning system to help the growing number of landless farmers • The elder Tiberius was killed by angry Patricians, the younger Caius killed himself just before a second group of assassins arrived.

32. Two approaches to occupying the unemployed • Marius, elected Consul 7 times, opened up the army to landless men who had no money • Marius had the Roman Government buy all the equipment for his soldiers • Rome developed professional soldiers • Soldiers developed intense loyalty to their generals.

33. “Bread and Circuses” • The Roman Senate and the Consuls adopted this approach to keeping the unemployed masses quiet in Rome • The government bought grain and sold it at reduced prices to the poor in Rome, so they would not be hungry • Consuls and generals staged free entertainments – gladiator fights, chariot races – to keep the unemployed off the streets and occupied

34. Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power • Spartacus slave revolt ended by Pompey and Crassus who then become counsel (70 CE/AD) • First Triumvirate (a political alliance of three men) between Julies Caesar (high priest), Pompey (counsel) and Crassus (counsel) (59 to 53 BCE/BC) • Caesar conquers and thereafter rules Gaul (58 to 50 BCE/BC)

35. Julius Caesar • Effective writer • Wrote Gallic Wars, the story of his conquest of Gaul • Made sure that all the people in Rome knew of his great accomplishments Buy the English language version from Amazon today!

36. The First Triumvirate • Pompey, the most famous other living general • Crassus, the richest man in Rome

37. Caesar’s Rise, continued • First Roman Civil War • Powerful politician • Sought to control all power • Crassus dies in a battle for North Africa (53 BCE/BC) • Caesar crosses the Rubicon River and starts a civil war, which he wins, and thereafter enters into an alliance with Cleopatra of Egypt (49 to 48 BCE/BC)

38. Julius Caesar now rules alone! • Civic reformer • Added many buildings to Rome • Changed the calendar – we use his calendar today • Made the government more professional • The people of Rome adored him. So did his soldiers.

39. The many faces of Julius Caesar

40. The Senate becomes jealous!! • The Senate had declared Julius “Dictator for life” in 45 BC as part of the honors they gave him for sparing lives and defeating Pompey • Within a year, many in the Senate became jealous and argued that Caesar was trying to become a king

41. Beware the Ides of March! E Tu Brute? (And you too, Brutus?) Several Senators stab Caesar many times as he enters the Senate chamber on March 15, 44 BC

42. Caesar Recap • Politician (senator and consul) • First triumvirate (Pompey and Crassus) • General (home and abroad) • Gallic wars • Civil war (crosses the Rubicon) • Reformer (civilian and government) • Laws (land distribution and debt) • Buildings (temple and forum) • Dictator (god complex) • Assassinated by senators

43. Octavian becomes Augustus: Augustus becomes Princeps, or first citizen, and Imperator (Commander in Chief) The Age of Augustus Augustus becomes the first Emperor of the Roman Empire Reforms Built many public works projects, including roads, aqueducts, and public buildings. Civil Service Augustus wanted to make sure that the people who worked in the government were qualified and educated. Tax Reform/Census He made the tax system more fair for the poor and counted the people of his territory.

44. Postal System He set up a postal system to improve communication Expansion of the Military He added permanent forces to the military and increased its size. Praetorian Guard He created this guard to be the personal bodyguards of the Emperor. Defeat in the North He was never able to defeat the Germanic groups north of Rome. This was his only defeat.

45. The PaxRomana • The Roman Peace • 200 year period of peace in the Mediterranean region. • Economic impact of the PaxRomana • Established uniform system of money, which helped expand trade. • Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads • Promoted prosperity and stability. • Social impact of the PaxRomana • Returned stability to social classes • Increase emphasis on the family • Political impact of the PaxRomana • Created a civil service • Developed a uniform rule of law.

46. The first emperors to rule after Augustus • -Tiberius • - Caligula • Claudius • Nero • These emperors used family succession to choose their successor, this established the Julio-Claudian Dynasty • This was known as the Julio Claudian Dynasty • -The first group of emperors were known as the Bad Emperors, their tactics were questionable and some people believe that some of them were insane. • The problem with imperial succession is that there was no official way to choose the next emperor and there was usually conflict with the army over who would rule next.

47. The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly! Early Emperors Had questionable policies and behaviors, but overall did not change too much related to the government structure.

48. Fire of 64 AD In 64 AD/CE a devastating fire swept through Rome. It destroyed large part of the city. The Emperor Nero is the person many people blame for the disaster. He blamed the fire on the Christians and had many of them assassinated after the fire by burning them to death.

49. The Good Emperors Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, and Marcus Aurelius Vespasian Great building projects such as the Coliseum Nerva Reformed land laws to help the poor Trajan Expanded the empire to its greatest size

50. Hadrian Hadrian pulled back Roman borders Built Hadrian’s Wall in England as a fixed Roman border He also built the Pantheon