Chapter 8, Key 2 Why Boundaries Cause Problems

1. Chapter 8, Key 2 Why Boundaries Cause Problems

2. 1. Compact State: (circle shape) • the distance from any point of the country to its center is about the same. • supposed to provide the most geographic stability • Does not guarantee peace. Can still have ethnic conflicts and civil wars • e.g. Poland, Iceland, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zimbabwe CIA Factbook. online

3. 2. Elongated Hello down there! • Can create separatist areas due to distance from center or core (capital or economic center • Vietnam, Chile, Norway

4. 3. Prorupted States • An area that extends from a compact area • Access or Disruption • Can create room for factions geographically • Southern Thailand

5. 4. Perforated State • broken by another country • 1. exclaves: separated from the state by another state • e.g. Azerbaijan (Fellmann 347) • 2. enclaves: surrounded by another state • e.g. Christian Armenia • b. e.g. South Africa-Lesotho US question next slide

6. Practice Analysis of Shape • What US state is an exclave? • The same state is also a prorupt state. • What shape best describes California? Elongated

7. 5. Fragmented State • consisting of 2 or more pieces • can make some interactions within the country more difficult • Two types • Fragmented by Water • Indonesia, East Timor, West Papua, Philippines • Fragmented by Land • Alaska, Angola, Russia, and India/Bangladesh

8. Landlocked States • States that lack a direct outlet to the sea are called Landlocked • Africa, where 14 of the 54 countries are landlocked • During colonization, Europeans built railroads to connect to the sea. Now many of these railroads travel through many independent states so cooperation is important • Access to the ocean is important because it facilitates trade of bulky goods. Landlocked states must depend on other countries for use of seaports. Rubenstein

9. What is a boundary? • Boundary: a vertical plane that cuts through the airspace and ground to determine ownership Rubenstein

10. Types of Boundaries Physical Boundaries • Mountain boundaries • Sparsely populated and hard to cross • Not always peaceful. Chile and Argentina almost fought a war over where to draw the boundary along the Andes Mountains • Desert Boundaries • Also permanent and sparsely populated and hard to cross. • Sahara desert has formed a natural boundary between North African countries and those just south of the desert Fellman

11. Water Boundaries • Rivers, lakes and oceans • Visible on maps, don’t change much. offer good protection. • Problems arise when rivers, shore line changes, or how far the boundary is from the shore. • In 1983 most countries signed the Law of the Sea, which recognized a 12 nautical miles off shore boundary and exclusive fish rights of 200 miles. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Zonmar-en.svg

12. Cultural boundaries • Geometric boundaries • Geometric boundary: straight line boundary totally unrelated to physical features • Boarders with Canada and many western states • Religious boundaries (Ethnic) • Boundaries often coincide with religion, but rarely created because of religion • Exceptions are South Asia and Ireland blog.proud-geek.com 

13. Language boundaries • Languages have long been a means of distinguishing nationalities, especially in Europe • These boarders, although slightly redrawn after WWII remain largely in place today. Yugoslavia and the Czechs and Slovaks are only exceptions • Green Line boundary • Cyprus. Line of UN control or a boundary where there is a buffer zone

14. IV. Boundary Disputes • A. Territorial / Definitional • -Whose Land is it? Focus on legal language of the agreement • B. Positional / Locational => 1991 • 1. focus on delimitation and demarcation of the border • 2. the interpretation of the definition is the dispute • 3. Saudi Arabia vs. Yemen (oil rich border not covered in the treaty) Rubenstein

15. IV. Boundary Disputes • Positional / Locational • 1. focus on delimitation and demarcation of the border • 2. the interpretation of the definition is the dispute • Saudi Arabia vs. Yemen (oil rich border not covered in the treaty) • Chile vs. Argentina Rubenstein

16. IV. Boundary Disputes • C. Functional / Operational Border Dispute • 1. way boundary should function • 2. how should each side handle cross-border migration The border wall between Nogales, Arizona and Nogales, Mexico http://revolutionaryfrontlines.wordpress.com

17. Boundary Disputes • D. Allocational Border Dispute • 1. dispute over boundary due to location of resources • 2. water supplies - Colorado River www.newworldencyclopedia.org

18. Various boundary disputes - what type are they? • Botswana has built electric fences to stem the thousands of Zimbabweans who flee to find work and escape political persecution. • Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002 Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but despite international intervention, mutual animosities, accusations, and armed posturing have prevented demarcation; Ethiopia refuses to withdraw to the delimited boundary until claimed technical errors made by the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are addressed, including the award of Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000 war. • All of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China, Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the Philippines; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands. Functional Territorial and Positional Resource Source: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/fields/2070.html