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Physical punishment of children: effects and evolution. Beth Wood. Undesirable behaviours and experiences (Gershoff 2002). Decreased moral internalisation Increased aggression Increased child delinquent and antisocial behaviour
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Physical punishment of children: effects and evolution Beth Wood
Undesirable behaviours and experiences (Gershoff 2002) • Decreased moral internalisation • Increased aggression • Increased child delinquent and antisocial behaviour • Increased adult aggression, increased adult and anti-social behaviour • Increased risk of abusing own child or spouse
Desirable behavior • Increased immediate compliance
How many children are smacked or hit? • 80% in retrospective study (Dunedin Multidisciplinary Study) • 51% of children 5 and under in last 3 months (MSD 2005) • 17% of adults had witnessed an adult hitting a child in their home (2007 AHS) • 10% of children had experience physical punishment in last four weeks (MOH 2007/07)
its alright for adults to use physical There are certain circumstances when it is alright for parents to use physical punishment with a child • 1981 (Ritchie) 92% men 86% women • 1993 (Maxwell) 87% • 2008 (OCC) 58%