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Biology and Behavior

Biology and Behavior. Neural Control Systems Psychopharmacology The Nervous System How do we know these things?. Cells and synapses. Cells of the nervous system Glial cells Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes Neurons Unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar Soma, axons and dendrites Synapses.

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Biology and Behavior

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  1. Biology and Behavior Neural Control Systems Psychopharmacology The Nervous System How do we know these things?

  2. Cells and synapses • Cells of the nervous system • Glial cells • Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes • Neurons • Unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar • Soma, axons and dendrites • Synapses

  3. +50 0 -70 0 1 2 3 4 Time in mSec Neural transmission: 5 steps 1. Resting potential: -70mV • Pump Na+ out, K+ in 2. Threshold stimulation:-65mV 3. Action potential: +50mV • Allow Na+ in, K+ out 4. Refractory period: -80mV 5. Restore resting potential mV

  4. Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Ion movements

  5. K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ Ion movements

  6. The propagation of the action potential Note: Myelin sheath Nodes of Ranvier Saltatory conduction

  7. Manufacture and storage of neurotransmitter (acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin) Arrival of action potential Release of NT into synaptic cleft Bonding of NT with receptor sites Change in receiving neuron Release of NT back into cleft Metabolism or reuptake Seven steps of synaptic transmission

  8. The Synapse Axon terminal Post-synaptic membrane (dendrite, muscle, gland) Neurotransmitters Synaptic vesicles Receptor sites

  9. Some neurotransmitters • Acetylcholine (ACh) • Norepinephrine (NE) • Serotonin (5-HT) • Dopamine (DA) • g-amino butyric acid (GABA) • Glutamate or glutamic acid (GA) • Endorphins and enkephalins

  10. The nervous system • Two main divisions: • Central Nervous System (CNS) • Encased in bone (skull and spinal column) • Peripheral Nervous System

  11. CNS • Two main divisions: • Brain • Spinal cord

  12. PNS • Cranial and spinal nerves • Sensory-Motor system • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) • Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) • Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS)

  13. The brain • Brain stem • Medulla: Vegetative functions • Pons: Connections • Tectum and tegmentum: Reflexes • Cerebellum: Postural reflexes, movements • Cerebral hemispheres

  14. Cerebral hemispheres • Cerebral cortex: Gray matter • Frontal lobe • Parietal lobe • Temporal lobe • Occipital lobe • Sub-cortical gray-matter structures • Limbic system • Thalamus and hypothalamus • Hippocampus • White matter: Communication • Male and female general intelligence (Haier & Jung, 2005)

  15. Lobes of Cortex Parietal lobe CentralSulcus Occipital Lobe Frontal lobe Temporal Lobe Cere- bellum Pons

  16. Color-Coded Cortex

  17. Methods of studying the brain • Animal models • Stereotaxic methods • Natural ablation studies, surgery • Psychopharmacology • Imaging techniques • CT, MRI, PET scans • Recording methods: EEG

  18. Pheromones Hormones Neuromodulators Neurotransmitters Psychopharmacology

  19. Hormone mimics and receptors Adrenaline, estradiol Alter manufacture or release of neurotransmitters Black widow venom, botulinum toxin (Botox) Mimic or block receptor sites Nicotine, curare, chlorpromazine Drug effects

  20. Inhibit reuptake: Cocaine, fluoxetine Stimulate neuromodulators Barbiturates and benzodiazepines Drug effects 2

  21. Hormones: The endocrine system • The hypothalamus and the pituitary body • Hormone receptor molecules • Oxytocin acts only on mammary glands and the uterus • Testosterone acts on facial hair receptors

  22. Endocrine control • Hypothalamus controls by releasing hormones • CRH (Corticotropin Releasing Hormone) • Anterior part of pituitary releases ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) • Adrenal cortex releases cortisol • Hypothalamus detects cortisol and lowers release of CRH • Other glands are controlled in similar ways.

  23. Other glands and hormones • Anterior pituitary: GH (Growth Hormone) • Dwarfism and gigantism • Thyroid: Thyroxine and triiodothyronine • Metabolic rate, growth, maturation • Pancreas: Insulin • Pituitary LH (Luteinizing Hormone) and FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) activate ovaries and testes to produce gametes and sex hormones

  24. The Brainstem Thalamus Tectum/Colluculi Tegmentum Pons Medulla

  25. CT, PET, and MRI scans • CT, PET and MRI scan facilities • This clip shows the typical apparatus. • The person lies on the bed, with the head in the doughnut opening.

  26. MRI in psychological research • In this clip, you see the MRI results as a participant watches visual stimuli of two types, either combinations of lines or a moving figure with human proportions. Note: Light yellow indicates high activity. Occipital lobe is in the center of this view of the brain; temporal to the side.

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