THE CIVIL WAR

1. THE CIVIL WAR

2. Comparing Sides North South Strengths Food production Best officers (West Point Military Academy in South) Fighting at home – had to not lose Morale (at first) Weaknesses Population: 9 million (including 3.5 million slaves) Manufacturing No rifleworks in the entire country • Strengths • Population: 21 million • Manufacturing • 97% of firearms • 96% of locomotives • 94% of cloth • 93% of iron • 90% of boots/shoes • Control of navy • Morale (after 1863) • Weaknesses • Had to win

3. Vocabulary American Flag “Stars and Stripes” Confederate Flag “Stars and Bars” • Union: United States of America/USA (North) • “Federals”, “Yankees” • Confederacy: Confederate States of America/CSA (South) • “Rebels” • Secede: to formally withdraw from membership in a government (noun: secession) • Troops: soldiers • Siege: military blockade of a city or fort with the intent of conquering it by attrition (wearing the other side out) • Blockade: an effort to cut off food, supplies, and communications by force (at least partial) • Casualty: a person killed or injured in a battle

4. Decision: Election of 1860 President Abraham Lincoln

5. “The South would be in no more danger in this respect (the abolishment of slavery) than it was in the days of Washington. I suppose, however, this does not meet the case. You think slavery is right and ought to be extended; while we think it is wrong and ought to be restricted. That I suppose is the rub.” - Abraham Lincoln, December 22, 1860 (in a letter to future CSA Vice President Alexander Stephens)

6. South Carolina SecedesDecember 24, 1860 • Followed quickly by: • Mississippi (Jan. 9, 1861) • Florida (Jan. 10, 1861) • Alabama (Jan. 11, 1861) • Georgia (Jan. 19, 1861) • Louisiana (Jan. 26, 1861) • Texas (Feb. 1, 1861)

7. Election: South President Jefferson Davis (CSA)

8. Decision: Lincoln & Davis • Choose your generals • These will be the people who determine military strategy and lead your troops into battle against the enemy. Choose wisely.

9. General Winfield Scott • Distinguished military career since 1808 • 74 years old • Extremely overweight and unable to mount a horse • Knowing he couldn’t lead an army into battle, he offered command to “the very finest soldier I’ve ever seen”…

10. Robert E. Lee • Distinguished military career since 1829from Virginia (ended John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry in one hour) • Personally opposed to secession but would not fight against his “home country” of Virginia

11. General Joseph E. Johnston • Distinguished military career since 1829 • Tensions with President Davis because he was 4th in seniority amongst the generals • Very cautious in battle

12. General P.G.T. Beauregard • Distinguished military career since 1838from Louisiana • Brilliant military strategist but he had poor professional relationships with President Davis and other senior officials

13. General Thomas Jackson • West Point Graduate • Veteran of the Mexican War where he fought at the Siege of Veracruz and the assault on Chapultepec Castle • Organized Sunday School for blacks (both free and slave) in Lexington, VA while teaching at a military academy

14. Decision: President Lincoln • The Confederacy has sent delegates to Washington and is offering to pay for the federal properties in the new Confederate States of America and enter into a peace treaty with the United States. • Lincoln: Do you… • Accept the Confederate offer of peace and allow the Union to be broken in half? • View secession as an act of treason (rebellion against the government) and decline the offer?

15. Decision: P.G.T. Beauregard • There is a federal fort nearby in South Carolina that is still manned by Union troops. • Beauregard: Do you… • Allow Fort Sumter to remain in the hands of the Union? • Order your troops to capture Fort Sumter for the Confederacy?

16. Decision: President Lincoln • Confederate Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard has laid siege to the Fort. Your men are running out of food and supplies. • Lincoln: Do you… • Send supply ships to Fort Sumter, through the Confederate blockade? • Ask your troops at the Fort to surrender?

17. Sir: By authority of Brigadier General Beauregard, commanding the provisional forces of the Confederate States, we have the honor to notify you that he will open fire of his batteries at Fort Sumter in one hour from this time Notice to Major Anderson April 12, 1861 3:30 a.m.

18. Episode 1.8 (47:30-51:00)

19. Outcome • The Union generals are outgunned and after 34 hours, Major Anderson agrees to evacuate Fort Sumter. • No loss of life on either side (although a gun explosion during the surrender ceremonies causes two Union deaths) • Both sides immediately call for volunteers to build up their militaries. • The Civil War has begun.

21. Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers for 90 days • Most Northern states filled their quotas quickly • However, the requirement for states to supply volunteers causes four more states to secede: • Virginia (April 17, 1861) • CSA capital is moved to Richmond, VA • Arkansas (May 6, 1861) • North Carolina (May 20, 1861) • Tennessee (June 8, 1861

22. Battle Cry of Freedom (Union version) Yes we'll rally round the flag, boys, we'll rally once again,
Shouting the battle cry of freedom,
We will rally from the hillside, we'll gather from the plain,
Shouting the battle cry of freedom! Chorus The Union forever! Hurrah, boys, hurrah! Down with the traitor, up with the star; While we rally round the flag, boys, rally once again, Shouting the battle cry of freedom! We are springing to the call of our brothers gone before,
Shouting the battle cry of freedom!
And we'll fill our vacant ranks with a million freemen more,
Shouting the battle cry of freedom! Chorus We will welcome to our numbers the loyal, true and brave,
Shouting the battle cry of freedom!
And although they may be poor, not a man shall be a slave,
Shouting the battle cry of freedom!

23. Battle Cry of Freedom (Confederate version) Our flag is proudly floating on the land and on the main,
Shout, shout the battle cry of Freedom!
Beneath it oft we've conquered, and we'll conquer oft again!
Shout, shout the battle cry of Freedom! (Chorus) Our Dixie forever! She's never at a loss! Down with the eagle and up with the cross! (albatross) We'll rally 'round the bonny flag, we'll rally once again, Shout, shout the battle cry of Freedom! Our gallant boys have marched to the rolling of the drums.
Shout, shout the battle cry of Freedom!
And the leaders in charge cry out, "Come, boys, come!"
Shout, shout the battle cry of Freedom!-- Chorus They have laid down their lives on the bloody battle field.
Shout, shout the battle cry of Freedom!
Their motto is resistance -- "To the tyrants never yield!"
Shout, shout the battle cry of Freedom!-- Chorus While our boys have responded and to the fields have gone.
Shout, shout the battle cry of Freedom!
Our noble women also have aided them at home.
Shout, shout the battle cry of Freedom!-- Chorus

24. Battle Hymn of the Republic Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord: He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored; He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword: His truth is marching on. (Chorus) Glory, glory, hallelujah! Glory, glory, hallelujah! Glory, glory, hallelujah! His truth is marching on. I have seen Him in the watch-fires of a hundred circling camps, They have builded Him an altar in the evening dews and damps; I can read His righteous sentence by the dim and flaring lamps: His day is marching on. (Chorus) Glory, glory, hallelujah! Glory, glory, hallelujah! Glory, glory, hallelujah! His truth is marching on.

25. Dixie I wish I was in the land of cotton, Old times they are not forgotten; Look away! Look away! Look away! Dixie Land. In Dixie Land where I was born, Early on one frosty mornin, Look away! Look away! Look away! Dixie Land.

27. General Scott’s “Anaconda Plan” • Blockade all Southern ports • Advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two (culminating in capturing New Orleans) • Concerns: • Too passive (critics wanted to storm Richmond overland) • U.S. Navy too small to enforce the blockade at the beginning of the war

28. Decision: President Lincoln & General Scott • The Northern public is clamoring for action. They are demanding a march against the Confederate capital of Richmond. • Do you… • Ignore the public and continue training and growing your army? • Respond to their demands, hoping to bring an early end to the war?

29. First Battle of Bull Run (a.k.a. First Manassas)July 21, 1861 USA: 35,000 troops CSA: 34,000 troops • Unseasoned Union Army troops advance against an equally unseasoned Confederate Army near Manassas Junction. • Both sides do not execute their plans well but eventually Confederate reinforcements arrive and launch a counterattack. • The Union troops panic under pressure and begin withdrawing, frantically running back to nearby Washington, D.C.

30. Outcome of the Battle USA: 2,896 casualties (460 killed) CSA: 1,982 casualties (387 killed) • A Confederate colonel, Thomas Jackson, stands his ground before the reinforcements arrive, earning him the nickname “Stonewall Jackson” • Both sides were sobered by the violence and casualties of the battle and they realized that the war could be much longer and bloodier than originally anticipated

31. Decision: Lincoln • Choose a new general

32. George B. McClellan • Excellent planner and influential in raising a well-trained and organized army for the Union(this skill hampered him on the battlefield) • Episode 1 (1:25:00-1:28:24)

33. Decision: President Davis & General Lee • The blockade has cut off Virginia’s largest cities, Norfolk and Richmond, from international trade. You have been working on an ironclad ship, the USS Merrimack, that could defeat the Union’s wooden ships that are stationed off the coast of Virginia. • Do you… • Conserve your military’s strength? • Attempt to break the blockade quickly, before the Union can send their strongest ships? Episode 2 (0:14:05-0:19:15)

34. Battle of the IroncladsMarch 8-9, 1862 USA: 1 ironclad 5 wooden frigates 261 killed CSA: 1 ironclad 2 wooden warships 77 killed • First meeting in combat of ironclad warships • The blockade remains in place.

36. Decision: President Davis & General Lee • A Major General named Ulysses S. Grant is advancing deep into Tennessee. He is drawing close to the Mississippi border. • Do you… • Focus your efforts on the campaign in the East? • Send some of your army westward to block Grant’s march towards New Orleans? Episode 2 (0:32:00-0:43:36)

38. Battle of ShilohApril 6-7, 1862 USA: 66,812 troops 13,047 casualties (1,754 killed) CSA: 44,699 troops 10,699 casualties (1,728 killed) • Major battle in the Western Theater • Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant moves deep into Tennessee and encounters a surprise attack • Grant’s army is driven back on the first day but reinforcements arrive and launch a counterattack on the second day • Union victory; bloodiest battle so far; dashed Confederate hopes of blocking Grant’s advance into Mississippi

39. Decision: President Lincoln • After a month sitting outside Yorktown, General McClellan has finally proposed a new plan called the “Peninsula Campaign”, which would drive into Virginia with the intent of capturing Richmond. The Confederate military is still commanded by General Johnston, who is tentative and not very aggressive, so there are high hopes that this plan will succeed. • Do you… • Accept the plan? • Reject the plan?

40. Unfortunately… • General Johnston is wounded at the Battle of Seven Pinesand General Robert E. Lee takes over full command of the Confederate army. He launches an aggressive counterattack.

41. Seven Days BattlesJune 25 – July 1, 1862 CSA: 92,000 troops 20,204 casualties (3,494 killed) USA: 104,100 troops 15,855 casualties (1,734 killed) • Series of six major battles over a seven day period in which every battle except for one is a Union victory. • However, McClellan retreats all the way back to Washington. • This marks the end of the Peninsula Campaign

42. Decision: Lincoln • Choose a new general

43. General John Pope • Successful career in the Western Theater • Alienated many of his officers and men by criticizing their record compared with his in the West

44. Second Battle of Bull Run (a.k.a. Second Manassas)August 28-30, 1862 USA: 62,000 troops 13,830 casualties CSA: 50,000 troops 8,300 casualties (1,300 killed) • Confederate Maj. Gen. “Stonewall” Jackson captures the Union supply depot at Manassas Junction, threatening the Union’s line of communication with Washington, D.C. • While “Stonewall” Jackson repulses a series of attacks, another Confederate Maj. Gen. James Longstreet arrives, unknown to the Union commander • Jackson and Longstreet counterattack in the largest, simultaneous mass assault of the war

45. Decision: General Lee • President Lincoln has reluctantly reinstated the cautious General McClellan. You are invigorated by this news and by Jackson and Longstreet’s success at Second Manassas. • Do you… • Keep your army in the South, defending Northern attacks? • Use your momentum to invade the North?

46. Decision: General McClellan • You have intercepted an order from General Lee, detailing his “Maryland Campaign”. In it, you read that Lee has split his army, sending “Stonewall” Jackson to capture Harper’s Ferry while Lee will push north into Maryland. • Do you… • Split your troops to fight in both areas? • Take advantage of Lee’s weak numbers and send your forces to isolate and attack Lee’s army, to keep him from entering Maryland?

47. Battle of Antietam (a.k.a. Battle of Sharpsburg)September 17, 1862 USA: 75,500 “present for duty” 12,401 casualties (2,108 killed) CSA: 38,000 “engaged” 10,316 casualties (1,546 killed) • Three separate Union assaults on Confederate strongholds – in a cornfield, on Sunken Road(which is now known as “Bloody Run”) and on a bridge near Sharpsburg. • No ground is gained but it is the bloodiest day in American history. Episode 3.8 (55:10-1:02:30)

48. Decision: President Lincoln • On September 22, 1862 you issued a preliminary proclamation warning that you would emancipate all slaves in any state of the Confederacy that did not return to the Union by January 1, 1863. No state returns. • Do you… • Go back on your word? • Go through with your warning?