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Chunking

Chunking. Introduce students to a specific way of helping our short-term memory through the use of chunking. . Memory Chapter 8. What is Memory?. The ability to remember things we have experienced, imagined, or learned Memory is any indication that learning has persisted over time.

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Chunking

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  1. Chunking Introduce students to a specific way of helping our short-term memory through the use of chunking. 

  2. MemoryChapter 8

  3. What is Memory? The ability to remember things we have experienced, imagined, or learned Memory is any indication that learning has persisted over time. It is our ability to store and retrieve information. 3

  4. Activity: Chunking • Remember as many letters as possible. • Answer: • N-F, L-C-G, S-U-S, A-V-C, R-F-B, I • Chunking: • NFL, CBS, USA, VCR, FBI

  5. What We Encode • Encoding by meaning (semantic) • Encoding by images • Encoding by organization

  6. Encoding Meaning Processing the meaning of verbal information by associating it with what we already know or imagine. Encoding meaning (semantic encoding) results in better recognition later than visual or acoustic encoding. 6

  7. Visual Encoding Mental pictures (imagery) are a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. Both photos: Ho/AP Photo Showing adverse effects of tanning and smoking in a picture may be more powerful than simply talking about it.

  8. Mnemonics Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques use vivid imagery and organizational devices in aiding memory.

  9. Organizing Information for Encoding Break down complex information into broad concepts and further subdivide them into categories and subcategories. • Chunking • Hierarchies

  10. Chunking Organizing items into a familiar, manageable unit. Try to remember the numbers below. 1-7-7-6-1-4-9-2-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1 If you are well versed with American history, chunk the numbers together and see if you can recall them better. 1776 1492 1812 1941.

  11. Chunking Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it. HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan,Erie, Superior ROY G. BIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet

  12. Hierarchy Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories.

  13. Encoding Summarized in a Hierarchy

  14. Which of the following processes is likely to result in the best memory for words? • A. visual encoding • B. acoustic encoding • C. rote memorization • D. semantic encoding

  15. Information Processing The Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968) three-stage model of memory includes a) sensory memory,b) short-term memory, and c) long-term memory. Frank Wartenberg/ Picture Press/ Corbis Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works

  16. Working Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding Events Encoding Retrieval Retrieval

  17. Working Memory Working memory, the new name for short-term memory, has a limited capacity (7±2) and a short duration (20 seconds). Sir George Hamilton observed that he could accurately remember up to 7 beans thrown on the floor. If there were more beans, he guessed.

  18. Capacity The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information (1956). Ready? M U T G I K T L R S Y P You should be able to recall 7±2 letters. George Miller

  19. What did you Recall?

  20. Answer M U T G I K T L R S Y P

  21. Chunking F-B-I-T-W-A-C-I-A-I-B-M The capacity of the working memory may be increased by “chunking.” FBI TWA CIA IBM 4 chunks

  22. Duration Peterson and Peterson (1959) measured the duration of working memory by manipulating rehearsal. CHJ MKT HIJ 547 547 544 541 … CH?? The duration of the working memory is about 20 sec.

  23. Working Memory Duration

  24. Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin’s classic three-stage model of memory includes all of the following, EXCEPT: • A. short-term memory. • B. long-term memory. • C. flashbulb memory. • D. sensory memory.

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