Unit 1 – Levels of Organization

1. Unit 1 – Levels of Organization Chapter 1 – Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology CITATION: Retrieved July 2010 from: http://paramedicine.wikispaces.com/Anatomic+Position

2. Anatomy vs Physiology • Anatomy - branch of sciencethatdealswithstructure of bodyparts – theirforms and howthey are organized • Physiology – concernsthefunctions of bodyparts – whatthey do and howthey do it.

3. Characteristics of Life • Movement • Responsiveness • Growth • Reproduction • Respiration • Digestion • Absorption • Circulation • Assimilation (change of substances into a chemically different form) • Excretion All of these work together to make your metabolism!

4. Maintenance of Life • All organisms need basic essentials! WATER – needed to transport fluids and substances throughout your body & to regulate body temperature. FOOD – source of energy.

5. OXYGEN – used to release energy from food. HEAT – related to metabolism. Direct relationship. PRESSURE – pressure of gravity on body is called atmospheric pressure. - pressure of water on body is called hydrostatic pressure.

6. Homeostasis • Maintaining a stable internal condition with water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure. • A homeostatic mechanism is the way that the body maintains homeostasis through a number of self-regulating control systems.

7. Examples of Homeostasis Mechanisms • Body Temperature • Problem: Drops below • Solution: Shiver • Problem: Rises above • Solution: Sweat • Blood Pressure • Problem: High Blood Pressure • Solution: Heart beats less often • Problem: Low Blood Pressure • Solution: Heart beats more often

8. Levels of Organization Atoms Molecules Macromolecules Organelles Cells Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

9. Organization of the Human Body • Two Main Body Portions: • Axial portion • Appendicular portion

10. CITATION: Adam.com. 2001. Retrieved: July 2010 from : http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/skel_sys_fin.html#append

11. Three cavity regions in the axial portion: • Dorsal Cavity: • Cranial Cavity – skull & brain • Spinal Cavity – spinal cord & vertebrate • Ventral Cavity: • Thoracic Cavity – heart & lungs • Abdominopelvic Cavity – • Upper Abdominopelvic Cavity – stomach, liver, spleen, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine • Lower Pelvic Cavity – large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs • Other Cavities: • Oral Cavity – teeth & tongue • Nasal Cavity – nostrils & sinuses • Orbital Cavity – eyes • Middle Ear Cavity – middle ear bones

12. CITATION: Retrieved: July 2010 from: http://www.physioweb.org/direction/body_cavities.html

13. Mediastinum – a region that separates the thoracic cavity into two compartments. • Diaphragm – a structure that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

14. Membranes • Thoracic Membranes A. Pleural Membranes – membranes that surround the lungs • Parietal pleural membrane – membrane that is attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity & forms a lining Pleural cavity is the space (fluid) what separates the two membranes. 2. Visceral pleural membrane – membrane that covers the organ

15. B. Pericardial Membranes - membranes that surround the heart 1. Parietal pericardium membrane – outer most lining around the heart Pericardial cavity is the space (fluid) what separates the two membranes. 2. Visceral pericardium membrane – inner most lining around the heart

16. Abdominopelvic Membrane A. Peritoneal Membranes – membranes that surrounds organs in the abdomen • Parietal peritoneum membrane – outer most lining around the organs Peritoneal cavity is the space (fluid) what separates the two membranes. 2. Visceral peritoneum membrane – inner most lining around the organs

17. Organ Systems

21. Anatomical Positions Anatomical position is standing upright, face forward, arms at side, palms forward. CITATION: Retrieved July 2010 from: http://www.healthyintentions.com.au/page/fitness.html

22. Superior vs. Inferior • Superior is above a body part or close to the head. • Inferior is below a body part or close to the feet

23. Anterior vs. Posterior • Anterior – front • Posterior - back

24. Medial vs. Lateral • Medial – imaginary midline that divides the body into right and left halves • Lateral - sides

25. Proximal vs. Distal • Proximal – a body part that is closer to a point of attachment or closer to the trunk of the body than another part • Distal – a boy part that is farther to a point of attachment or farther from the trunk of the body than another part

26. Superficial vs. Deep • Superficial – near the surface • Deep – describes where the internal organ are

27. CITATION: Retrieved July 2010 from: http://www.nikonianthailand.com/forum/show.php?Category=webboard&No=6752

28. Body Sections • Sagittal – diving the body into right and left portions • Transverse – dividing the body into a top and bottom portion (also called horizontal) • Frontal – dividing the body into a front and back portion (also called coronal)

29. CITATION: Retrieved July 2010 from: http://www.apsu.edu/thompsonj/Anatomy%20&%20Physiology/2010/2010%20Exam%20Reviews/Exam%201%20Review/Ch01%20Gen%20Terms%20and%20Gen%20Anat%20Terms.htm

30. Body Regions • Epigastric Region – upper region where stomach is • Umbilical Region – middle portion; intestines behind belly button • Hypogastric Region – lower region of the intestine

31. CITATION: Retrieved July 2010 from: http://www.learn-free-medical-transcription.blogspot.com/2008/12/lesson-12-abdominopelvic-regions.html