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HNRS 227 Lecture #20 Chapter 16

HNRS 227 Lecture #20 Chapter 16. Earth’s Weather presented by Prof. Geller 4 November 2003. Key Points of Chapter 16. Atmosphere winds Hydrosphere evaporation, condensation, humidity Weather producers air masses, weather fronts, waves, cyclones Weather forecasting Climate. Atmosphere.

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HNRS 227 Lecture #20 Chapter 16

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  1. HNRS 227 Lecture #20Chapter 16 Earth’s Weather presented by Prof. Geller 4 November 2003

  2. Key Points of Chapter 16 • Atmosphere • winds • Hydrosphere • evaporation, condensation, humidity • Weather producers • air masses, weather fronts, waves, cyclones • Weather forecasting • Climate

  3. Atmosphere • Composition • Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Argon, Water Vapor, CO2, Methane, other • Atmospheric Pressure • pressure exerted by atmosphere • Warming • solar constant • greenhouse effect • warming due to the transparency of a substance to radiation at visible wavelengths and opacity to infrared radiation

  4. Structure of the Atmosphere

  5. Winds • Local winds • wind chill factor • Global wind patterns

  6. Hydrosphere • Evaporation • Humidity • Condensation Process • Clouds, fog • Precipitation

  7. Size of condensation nuclei and droplet Figure 16.17

  8. Absolute humidity Figure 16.15

  9. Weather Producers • Air Masses • Fronts • Waves and cyclones • Storms • thunderstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes

  10. An idealized cold front Figure 16.25

  11. An idealized warm front Figure 16.26

  12. A thunderstorm cell Figure 16.29

  13. Weather Forecasting • Predictions based upon • “characteristics, location, and rate of movement of air masses and associated fronts and pressure systems” • Complex computer models • Led to science of “chaos” • chaotic dynamic systems

  14. Climate • “general pattern of the weather that occurs for a region over a number of years” • Major climate regions • tropical • temperate • polar

  15. The principal climate zones Figure 16.38

  16. General rainfall patterns Figure 16.42

  17. Ocean currents influence temperatures Figure 16.43

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