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Multimodal Data and Anomaly Detection in SSA at AMOS 15 Oct 2012

Multimodal Data and Anomaly Detection in SSA at AMOS 15 Oct 2012. Dr. Keith Knox Air Force Maui Optical & Supercomputing Site Maui, Hawaii. Photo of Briefer. Air Force Maui Optical & Super Computing Site. Air Force Maui Optical & Supercomputing Site.

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Multimodal Data and Anomaly Detection in SSA at AMOS 15 Oct 2012

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  1. Multimodal Data and Anomaly Detection in SSA at AMOS15 Oct 2012 Dr. Keith Knox Air Force Maui Optical & Supercomputing Site Maui, Hawaii Photo of Briefer

  2. Air Force Maui Optical & Super Computing Site

  3. Air Force Maui Optical & Supercomputing Site • Largest telescope in Department of Defense with 3.6m primary telescope • Highest resolution adaptive optics in Department of Defense • Largest electro-optical tracking facility in the Pacific • 50 Years of Service to the Department of Defense • 1960: The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) Midcourse Optical Station • 1963: Site construction started by ARPA • 1994: High Performance Computer Center (HPCC) completed • 1999: Advanced Electro-Optical System (AEOS) completed • 2001: Air Force Research Laboratory

  4. Air Force Research Laboratory Directed Energy DirectorateMaui Space Surveillance System • MSSS (AFRL) • 3.6m and 1.6m telescopes • Maui Space Surveillance System • High-resolution Imaging • Orbital Tracking • Space Object Characterization 1.6m AEOS 3.6m • GEODSS (AF Space Command) • Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance GEODSS

  5. 3.6-meter Telescope AEOS 3.6 Telescope • Advanced Electro-Optical System

  6. 1.6-meter Telescope • 1.6 Meter Telescope Inside Dome

  7. Adaptive Optics Imaging • AEOS Visible Imager Day Terminator • Terminator Imagery Hubble Space Telescope Adaptive Optics (AO) plus multi-frame blind deconvolution processing Night

  8. Long-Wave Infrared Imaging • AEOS Infrared Imager Day Terminator • Nighttime Imagery Night • Resolved thermal images • Virtually diffraction-limited

  9. Speckle Imaging • Speckle Imaging 1.6m Day Processed Result Raw data Terminator • Daytime Imagery • Terminator Imagery Night

  10. Non-imaging Characterization • As satellite image size decreases … • Smaller satellite • Greater distance • the satellite becomes completely unresolved • Satellites in geo orbit • Cubesat-class satellites

  11. Non-Imaging Technique • Temporal filter photometry • Measured brightness as function of time • For an object facet to contribute to signal • Facet must be illuminated by Sun • Facet must be visible to sensor • Sensor requirements are simple • Calibrated light bucket Temporal photometry

  12. Astrodynamics & Tracking • High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute for Space Situational Awareness Now 15k Objects Good orbit knowledge and some status info Future 150k Objects Accurate orbits and uncertainty Object identification status and health • The Institute meets these challenges by bringing together: • Supercomputing expertise • World-class researchers from AFRL

  13. Anomaly Detection and Multimodal Data in Astrodynamics

  14. Space Catalog Anomalies • 22,000 objects in the catalog • What is an anomaly? • New satellite is launched • Debris is created • Satellite maneuvers • Object drifts • Satellite status has changed • Track 22K objects • Look for deviations • Paul Schumacher • “The Future Space Catalog”

  15. Multimodal Space Catalog:Radar vs. Optical 2 radar observations 3 optical observations Range2 Az2 Elev2 Range1 Az1 Elev1 RA2 Dec2 RA1 Dec1 RA3 Dec3 3 observations ( x y z vx vy vz ) 2 observations ( x y z vx vy vz ) 6 scalars 6 scalars 6 scalars 6 scalars • Radar and Optical Observations translated into 3-D spatial coordinates

  16. Observation Association is Hard For one object, all observations are connected ? SST ? ? ? Space Surveillance Telescope For many objects, all observations are connected

  17. Multimodal Data in Speckle Imaging

  18. Speckle Imagingusing Short Exposure Sequences • High resolution details are lost in long exposures through the atmosphere: • However, detail is encoded in short exposure images: • Assume that target is constant over period of a few seconds. Then image reconstruction is possible:

  19. Speckle ImagingMulti-Frame Blind Deconvolution (MFBD) Noisy and blurred images Blurring functions … … Restored object True object o(x) MFBD Processing Minimize this cost function with respect to , , … , :

  20. Multimodal DataImproves Image Reconstruction • Each wavelength experiences ~same optical path difference (OPD) due to atmospheric turbulence • Wavefront phase is θλ = OPD × 2π/λ Longerwavelength Shorterwavelength OPD in telescope pupil • Infrared images define OPD, which in turn improves visible reconstruction • Brandoch Calef, “Wavelength Diversity”

  21. Multimodal Data in Non-Imaging

  22. Spectrophotometry with BASS at AEOS • IR spectrophotometry in 3-13.5 mm range • Princeton CCD camera & filter collect images simultaneously with IR spectra

  23. Modeling Reflected & Emitted Radiation • Modeling space debris to match simultaneous IR and visible response • HAMR objects • High Area-to-Mass Ratio • Mark Skinner • “Fusing Visible and Thermal IR Signature Data for SSA”

  24. Anomaly Detection in Non-Imaging

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