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The Emergence of Civilization

The Emergence of Civilization. Ancient River Valley Civilizations. Timelines. Chronological order Cause & Effect Compare Events Dates B.C. = Before Christ -B.C.E. = Before Common Era A.D. = Anno Domini - C.E. Common Era B.C./B.C.E.--------0--------A.D./C.E. -Decade= 10 years

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The Emergence of Civilization

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  1. The Emergence of Civilization Ancient River Valley Civilizations

  2. Timelines • Chronological order • Cause & Effect • Compare Events • Dates • B.C. = Before Christ -B.C.E. = Before Common Era • A.D. = Anno Domini - C.E. Common Era B.C./B.C.E.--------0--------A.D./C.E. -Decade= 10 years -Century= 100 years -Millennium= 1,000 years

  3. Civilization • Civilization: complex culture in which a large number of humans share a number of common elements

  4. 6 Basic Characteristics of Civilization • Growth of Government: to organize and regulate citizen activity (protection, security, food, irrigation, construct buildings, propose laws) • Religion: means to explain the force of nature and their own existence -Divine Power: Rituals, priests, or rulers -Monotheistic: Belief in one God -Polytheistic: Belief in many Gods • Artistic Activity: for worship, sacrifice, burial, paintings, sculptures, etc.

  5. Six Basic Characteristics of Civilization 4. Writing: Religious ceremonies, record keeping -Prehistory: Time prior to writing 5. Rise of Cities: River Valleys, food producers 6. New Social Structures: based on economic power (upper, middle, lower classes)

  6. S ocial P olitical E conomical R eligion T echnology

  7. Mesopotamia • Mesopotamia: Land Between Two Rivers • River control leads to irrigation, drainage and crops • Civilization/Government/Cities • Fertile Crescent: an arc of land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf • City-State: city & surrounding country side that shares political and economic life

  8. Mesopotamia Tigris River Euphrates River Mediterranean Sea Persian Gulf Egypt Nile River

  9. City-State: Sumer 3,000 B.C.Southern Mesopotamia • City surrounded by walls for defense • Buildings made of sun dried brick • First to use the arch and dome in construction • Built Temples called Ziggurats (step pyramids, polytheistic) • Powerful priests/rulers – divine, “Theocracy” P/T T T R R/P

  10. City-State: Sumer 3,000 B.C.Southern Mesopotamia • Farming, trade, industry in textiles, potters, toolmakers • Invented the wheel, number system, calender • Cuneiform, writing sytem- on wet clay with stylus • Social Groups- Nobles, Commoners, Slaves • Literature- “Epic of Gilgamesh” E T T S S/R/T

  11. New Empires • Empire: Independent people and nations under the control of one ruler • Akkadians overtake Sumer in 2350 B.C. to create an empire • Babylonians take over Mesopotamia in 2000 B.C. • Reign of Hammurabi • Built temples & Defense Walls • Irrigation Systems • Patriarchal-male dominated & male line of power • Code of Hammurabi- Law Code, “Eye for an Eye”

  12. Egyptian Civilization: 2700-1085 B.C.“The Gift of the Nile” • Nile River • Longest River in the World (4,160 miles) • “Source of Life” & “Giver of Life” • Land: Rich, fertile black mud called silt • Seasonal Floods (gradual & predictable) • Flows South to North • Upper Egypt (Southern Egypt) has a higher elevation • Delta (area at the mouth of a river) located in Lower Egypt • First & Best form of Transportation • Barrier to invasions to due cataracts, or rapids • Egypt Intro

  13. Mediterranean Sea Delta Lower Egypt Upper Egypt Red Sea Nile River First Cataract

  14. Egyptian Society • Merchants/Artisans conducted international trade • Married at 12-14 years old, monogomous (1 wife), arranged marriages, divorce was ok • Women well respected, could own property • Education given to the upper class boys and girls learned at home

  15. Egyptian Society Pharaoh Upper Class Priests Nobles Artisans Merchants Doctors Middle Class Slaves, Prisoners, Criminals, Debtors Lower Class Free Farmers Peasants

  16. Egyptian Writing • Hieroglyphics- pictures used to create letters of an alphabet • Papyrus- first paper made from reeds from the Nile Delta • Rosetta Stone • Hieroglyphics & Greek

  17. Egyptian Kingdoms & Dynasties • Long term, stable, strong leadership • Kingdom= An area/place that is ruled • Dynasty= Kingdom ruled by a family • BRAINPOP*

  18. Egyptian Religion • Polytheistic (many Gods) • Ex: sun, land, Re, Pharaoh (divine) • Death: physical & spiritual • Mummification • 70 Days to embalm • Canopic Jars • Sarcophagus • King Khufu’s Great Pyramid at Giza • MUMMIES

  19. Ancient India: 2500-1500 B.C.Indus River Valley • Land of India – geography is “diverse” • North – Mountains are the “highest” in the world • Himalayan Range • North – 2 Major rivers in the East & West • Indus (West) • Ganges (East) • Central – Plateau: raised, flat land • East & West coast are lush plains • Monsoons: Seasonal Winds • Summer Rains & Dry Winters = Flooding and Droughts

  20. Himalayan Mountains Indus River Harappa Mohenjo-Daro Ganges River Arabian Sea Deccan Plateau Bay of Bengal Ancient India

  21. First Civilization in India:Indus River Valley • Indus Overview • Major Cities: Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro • Harappan Civilization/Peoples • Settled by Dravidians (Dark Skinned) • Invaded by Aryans (Nomads) • Light Skinned • Take up farming • Develop writing, SAN SKRIT • Early Book, VEDAS, sacred book • Ruler called RAJA (prince) was chosen by BRAHMAN (chief God) • Great prince or king MAHARAJA

  22. Social Order = Caste System • Determined by Skin Color & Economic Advantage 1. Brahmins – priests 2. Kshatriyas – warriors 3. Vaisyas – merchants/commoners/workers 4. Sudras – native, dark skinned (dravidians), peasants 5. Untouchables – slaves, debtors, prisoners of war (POW), criminals

  23. Family • Family was considered most important • extended • Male dominated • Patriarchal, priests, educated, owned property • Arranged marriages • SATI: widow’s throwing themselves on their husbands funeral PYRE • Guru: teacher

  24. Economy & Technology • Difficult life for farmers • Land divided among sons • Monsoons made life unpredictable • Tenant sharecroppers • Plumbing

  25. Ancient China: 2000-256 B.C. • Huang River (Yellow): 2,900 miles • Yellow silt • Yangtze River (Chang Jiang): 3,400 miles • Both flowed east into the Yellow Sea • Flooding was disastrous • Isolated Geographically

  26. Ancient China Yellow River Yellow Sea Himalayan Mountains Yangtze River Ganges River

  27. Dynasties: Rule from Generation to Generation • Xia-little known, 2000 B.C. • Flood control & irrigation • Shang, 1750-1122 B.C., northern China • Written records • Ancestor worship, especially kings

  28. The Zhou (Joh) Dynasty: 1122-256 B.C. • Political life • Ruled by king • MANDATE OF HEAVEN/DYNASTIC CYCLE • FEUDALISM – kings give power to local lords who divide land for peasants to work on • Social life • Family & its economic stand most important, above community • FILIAL PIETY: all follow and respect male head of family • Women were inferior (even below sons) • 5 relationships: son to father, wife to husband, younger brother to older brother, friend to friend, all to king • Communication • Pictographic symbols similar to hieroglyphics

  29. Ancient Chinese Technologies • Silk • Gunpowder • Magnetic Compass • Printing Press • Paper • GOLDEN AGE: Period of economic and political stability & technologic advances • Only ARVC still in existence…

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