Incorporating Sources 1

1. Incorporating Sources 1 This session covers: • Selecting relevant material from source texts. • Avoiding plagiarism. • Combining source texts with your own argument.

2. The early 1990s witnessed a number of new policy initiatives designed to boost performance in Finnish companies. Against a background of economic depression and increased competition from overseas, the directing boards of a number of firms resolved to increase the overall efficiency of their organisations by targeting the performance of individual employees. In addition to a greater focus target setting and employee appraisal, thirty per cent of Finnish companies introduced PRP between 1990 and1994. Since this was an untried policy, firms exercised caution in implementing it. To prevent excessive risk-taking in the short term, yearly performance targets were avoided. Instead, the majority of Finnish companies implementing PRP for the first time fixed an interval of between eighteen months and two years between the outset of the scheme and the payment of bonuses. From a book called “Corporations and Individuals”. It was written by Thomas Grant and published in 2001 Activity 1.1

3. The early 1990s witnessed a number of new policy initiatives designed to boost performance in Finnish companies. Against a background of economic depression and increased competition from overseas, the directing boards of a number of firms resolved to increase the overall efficiency of their organisations by targeting the performance of individual employees. In addition to a greater focus target setting and employee appraisal, thirty per cent of Finnish companies introduced PRP between 1990 and1994. Since this was an untried policy, firms exercised caution in implementing it. To prevent excessive risk-taking in the short term, yearly performance targets were avoided. Instead, the majority of Finnish companies implementing PRP for the first time fixed an interval of between eighteen months and two years between the outset of the scheme and the payment of bonuses. From a book called “Corporations and Individuals”. It was written by Thomas Grant and published in 2001 Activity 1.1

4. Critics who warned of potential dangers of PRP were proved wrong by its successful application during this period in Finland. This may in part have been due to the careful planning which preceded its use. Care was taken to limit the size of bonuses in proportion to employees’ base salaries, with a proportion of twenty to thirty per cent of basic pay as the most commonly agreed limit. This cap was imposed a good deal earlier than the 2008 banking crisis and the demand for safeguards which followed it. The annual performance figures for 1990-1995 clearly illustrate the benefits of the scheme. The firms implementing PRP saw an average increase to their value of € 62 000 for each employee, compared with €39 000 in companies which had not yet adopted PRP. From a book called “Motivation in the Workplace”. It was written by Michaela Fitzgerald and published in 2012 Activity 1.1

5. Critics who warned of potential dangers of PRP were proved wrong by its successful application during this period in Finland. This may in part have been due to the careful planning which preceded its use. Care was taken to limit the size of bonuses in proportion to employees’ base salaries, with a proportion of twenty to thirty per cent of basic pay as the most commonly agreed limit. This cap was imposed a good deal earlier than the 2008 banking crisis and the demand for safeguards which followed it. The annual performance figures for 1990-1995 clearly illustrate the benefits of the scheme. The firms implementing PRP saw an average increase to their value of € 62 000 for each employee, compared with €39 000 in companies which had not yet adopted PRP. From a book called “Motivation in the Workplace”. It was written by Michaela Fitzgerald and published in 2012 Activity 1.1

6. The successful application of PRP by many Finnish companies in the early 1990s provides a clear example of how well-regulated PRP can promote a company’s performance without undue risk. Finnish companies avoided the short-termism exhibited by their counterparts elsewhere in Europe and America and fixed an interval of between eighteen months and two years between the outset of the scheme and payment of bonuses (Grant, 2001)… Activity 1.2

7. The successful application of PRP by many Finnish companies in the early 1990s provides a clear example of how well-regulated PRP can promote a company’s performance without undue risk. Finnish companies avoided the short-termism exhibited by their counterparts elsewhere in Europe and America and fixed an interval of between eighteen months and two years between the outset of the scheme and payment of bonuses (Grant, 2001)… Directly copied from the original. Activity 1.2

8. …They also commonly agreed a limit for bonuses at twenty to thirty per cent of employees’ basic pay. They imposed this cap long before the 2008 banking crisis, following which experts highlighted the need for such a safeguard. Whilst avoiding long-term risk, the application of PRP in these firms clearly boosted performance… Activity 1.2

9. …They also commonly agreed a limit for bonuses at twenty to thirty per cent of employees’ basic pay. They imposed this cap long before the 2008 banking crisis, following which experts highlighted the need for such a safeguard. Whilst avoiding long-term risk, the application of PRP in these firms clearly boosted performance…. The grammatical structure has been changed but the vocabulary remains too close to the original Activity 1.2

10. …The yearly figures for 1990-1995 provide evidence of the scheme’s success. The companies using PRP recorded an increased average to their value of €62 000 for each member of staff, in comparison with €39 000 among firms not yet implementing the scheme (Fitzgerald, 2012). These responsible strategies exemplify how the appropriate use of PRP can help to enhance companies’ short-term performance whilst also securing their long-term success. Activity 1.2

11. …The yearly figures for 1990-1995 provide evidence of the scheme’s success. The companies using PRP recorded an increased average to their value of €62 000 for each member of staff, in comparison with €39 000 among firms not yet implementing the scheme (Fitzgerald, 2012). These responsible strategies exemplify how the appropriate use of PRP can help to enhance companies’ short-term performance whilst also securing their long-term success. The vocabulary has been changed, but the structure remains too close to the original. Activity 1.2

12. Taking notes “Corporations and Individuals” Thomas Grant 2001 1990-94 30% Finnish companies –PRP 1st time Implemented w. caution Majority Fin. Companies – 18 month – 2yrs btwn beg. of & payment bonuses

13. Taking notes Remember to include all publication details, especially title and author, in your notes. “Corporations and Individuals” Thomas Grant 2001 1990-94 30% Finnish companies –PRP 1st time Implemented w. caution Majority Fin. Companies – 18 month – 2yrs btwn beg. of & payment bonuses Use abbreviations Avoid writing full sentences or copying directly from the text

14. Taking notes “Motivation in the Workplace” Michaela Fitzgerald 2012 PRP Fin. 90’s = successful “due to the careful planning which preceded its use” - Limit to bonuses (20-30%) base salaries In advance 2008 econ. crisis • Yearly peform. figures success. • 90-95 PRP firms aveg. + € 62 000 per employee. Non PRP firms € 39 000 per employee.

15. Taking notes Use symbols to show meaning where possible. “Motivation in the Workplace” Michaela Fitzgerald 2012 PRP Fin. 90’s = successful “due to the careful planning which preceded its use” - Limit to bonuses (20-30%) base salaries In advance 2008 econ. crisis - Yearly peform. figures success. - 90-95 PRP firms aveg. +€ 62 000 per employee. Non PRP firms € 39 000 per employee. Use “quotation marks” to highlight any phrases which have been copied directly from the original. Use bullet points rather than sentences to record key ideas.

16. Researcher’s name at the end of the sentence The companies using PRP recorded and increased average to their value of €62 000 for each member of staff, in comparison with €39 000 among firms not yet implementing the scheme (Fitzgerald, 2012). Fitzgerald (2012) found that the application of PRP in these firms clearly boosted performance, with an added value per employee of €62 000 in contrast to €39 000 in Finnish companies not implementing the policy. • Less emphasis on the researchers • Useful when referring to a number of studies OR Researcher’s name at the start of the sentence suggests claims • More emphasis on the researchers • The use of reporting verbs allows the writer show his/her stance. Activity 1.3

17. The successful application of PRP by many Finnish companies in the early 1990s provides a clear example of how well-regulated PRP can promote a company’s performance without undue risk. Finnish companies avoided the short-termism exhibited by their counterparts elsewhere in Europe and in America by setting performance targets eighteen months to two years in advance rather than on an annual basis (Grant, 2001). Many also capped bonuses at twenty to thirty per cent of employees’ salaries long before the call for such limits voiced after the 2008 banking crisis. Whilst avoiding long term risk, the application of PRP in these firms clearly boosted performance with an added average value per employee of € 62 000, in contrast to € 39 000 in Finnish companies not implementing the policy (Fitzgerald, 2012). These responsible strategies exemplify how the appropriate use of PRP can help to enhance companies’ short-term performance whilst also securing their long-term success. Activity 2.1

18. (1) The successful application of PRP by many Finnish companies in the early 1990s provides a clear example of how well-regulated PRP can promote a company’s performance without undue risk. Finnish companies avoided the short-termism exhibited by their counterparts elsewhere in Europe and in America by setting performance targets eighteen months to two years in advance rather than on an annual basis (Grant, 2001). Many also capped bonuses at twenty to thirty per cent of employees’ salaries long before the call for such limits voiced after the 2008 banking crisis. Whilst avoiding long term risk, the application of PRP in these firms clearly boosted performance with an added average value per employee of € 62 000, in contrast to € 39 000 in Finnish companies not implementing the policy (Fitzgerald, 2012). These responsible strategies exemplify how the appropriate use of PRP can help to enhance companies’ short-term performance whilst also securing their long-term success. Activity 2.1

19. (1) The successful application of PRP by many Finnish companies in the early 1990s provides a clear example of how well-regulated PRP can promote a company’s performance without undue risk. (2) Finnish companies avoided the short-termism exhibited by their counterparts elsewhere in Europe and in America by setting performance targets eighteen months to two years in advance rather than on an annual basis (Grant, 2001). Many also capped bonuses at twenty to thirty per cent of employees’ salaries long before the call for such limits voiced after the 2008 banking crisis. Whilst avoiding long-term risk, the application of PRP in these firms clearly boosted performance with an added average value per employee of € 62 000, in contrast to € 39 000 in Finnish companies not implementing the policy (Fitzgerald, 2012). These responsible strategies exemplify how the appropriate use of PRP can help to enhance companies’ short-term performance whilst also securing their long-term success. Activity 2.1

20. (1) The successful application of PRP by many Finnish companies in the early 1990s provides a clear example of how well-regulated PRP can promote a company’s performance without undue risk. (2) Finnish companies avoided the short-termism exhibited by their counterparts elsewhere in Europe and in America by setting performance targets eighteen months to two years in advance rather than on an annual basis (Grant, 2001). Many also capped bonuses at twenty to thirty per cent of employees’ salaries long before the call for such limits voiced after the 2008 banking crisis.(3) Whilst avoiding long -term risk, the application of PRP in these firms clearly boosted performance with an added average value per employee of € 62 000, in contrast to € 39 000 in Finnish companies not implementing the policy (Fitzgerald, 2012). These responsible strategies exemplify how the appropriate use of PRP can help to enhance companies’ short-term performance whilst also securing their long-term success. Activity 2.1

21. (1) The successful application of PRP by many Finnish companies in the early 1990s provides a clear example of how well-regulated PRP can promote a company’s performance without undue risk. (2) Finnish companies avoided the short-termism exhibited by their counterparts elsewhere in Europe and in America by setting performance targets eighteen months to two years in advance rather than on an annual basis (Grant, 2001). Many also capped bonuses at twenty to thirty per cent of employees’ salaries long before the call for such limits voiced after the 2008 banking crisis.(3) Whilst avoiding long-term risk, the application of PRP in these firms clearly boosted performance with an added average value per employee of € 62 000, in contrast to € 39 000 in Finnish companies not implementing the policy (Fitzgerald, 2012). (4) These responsible strategies exemplify how the appropriate use of PRP can help to enhance companies’ short-term performance whilst also securing their long-term success. Activity 2.1

22. (1) The successful application of PRP by many Finnish companies in the early 1990s provides a clear example of how well-regulated PRP can promote a company’s performance without undue risk. This is a topic sentence. It introduces the case study discussed in the paragraph. It also highlights the significance of this example with reference to the assignment question. Activity 2.1

23. (2) Finnish companies avoided the short-termism exhibited by their counterparts elsewhere in Europe and America by… This comment creates a context for the following paraphrased source. It adds further support to the writer’s argument that PRP was successful in Finland because it was responsibly implemented. This contrasts with the reckless, and therefore unsuccessful, use of PRP in the U.S. and elsewhere in Europe preceding the economic crisis. Activity 2.1

24. (3) Whilst avoiding long-term risk, the application of PRP in these firms clearly boosted performance… This comment highlights the significance of the previous paraphrased source. It links the supporting data back to the central argument of the essay – that PRP can be successful when implemented with appropriate safeguards. Activity 2.1

25. (4) These responsible strategies exemplify how the appropriate use of PRP can help to enhance companies’ short-term performance whilst also securing their long-term success. This is a concluding sentence in the essay writer’s own voice. It sums up the significance of the paragraph’s main idea with relation to the essay question. Activity 2.1