Chapter 3 POPULATION AND MIGRATION No Classes: Feb 23 and 28

1. Chapter 3 POPULATION AND MIGRATION No Classes: Feb 23 and 28

2. The Demographic Transition • Demographic cycle: A theory of the • relationships between birth and death rates • that occur in a country/society as the • economic and health conditions change • The demographic transition is a process • with four stages, and every country is in • one of these stages

3. The process is irreversible – once a • country moves from one stage to the • next, it does not revert to an earlier stage

4. Stage I: Low Growth • Depicts the population trends before the • onset of the demographic transition • People have very little control over the • cause of death – pre-industrial society

7. High birth and death rates, little • long-term growth of population • Both birth and death rates are highly • variable – year to yearfluctuations • Wars, famines, and epidemics keep • mortality high and limit population • growth

8. Stage 1 is the longest of the stages, • meaning that these demographic • conditions have characterized the • human population for most of its • history • Numerous countries remained in • Stage 1 until WWII – no country today • remains in this stage

9. Stage II: High Growth • High birth rate and falling death rate, high • growth of population • Death rate falls primarily due to improved • medical technology and hygienic • conditions (Industrial Revolution), and • increased food production (Second • Agricultural Revolution)

10. The combined improvements in food • supply and medical practice resulted in • drastic reduction of death rates in Europe • Death rate in Europe fell from 35per • 1,000 before 1750 to 16 per 1,000 by • 1850 • Birth rates (40 per 1,000 around 1750) • fell at a slower rate, leading to a population • explosion

11. Stage III: Moderate Growth • Declining birth rate, death rate continues • to fall, natural increase is modest • Most people live in cities and work in • offices, shops, or factories • Industrial society belongs to this stage – • Great Britain was in this stage from the • late 1800s to the 1970s

12. Stage IV: Low Growth orStationaryStage • Represents the completion of the • demographic transition • Marked by low birth and death rates, very • low growth of population – stable population • (Zero Population Growth – ZPG) • Highly industrialized countries are in this • stage

13. Demographic transition is represented • by Stages II and III, during which high • birth and death rates decline

15. Criticisms • Demographic profile of a country depends • on economic, social, and political factors - • the model does not pay attention to these • factors • Does not take migration into account – • presents only a partial picture of • population change

16. The model does not have predictive • value • It is based on western • Europe’s experience – • not directly applicable • to developing • countries

17. Epidemiological Transition: A shift from infectious to chronic diseases as lifestyle changes associated with urbanization and industrialization occur

20. Population-Environment Interactions Population Ecology: The study of the impacts populations have on their environments as well as the ways in which environmental conditions affect people and their livelihoods

21. Malthusian Population Theory • Long before most scholars were concerned • with overpopulation, Thomas R. Malthus • (1766-1834) warned of it • He expressed his views on population • growth in his book: An Essay on the • Principles of Population (1798)

22. He was writing at a • time when England’s • population was • rapidly increasing

23. Malthus’ Theory of Population 1. Population of the world tends to increase faster than the means of supporting those population, leading to disaster Population grows at a geometric rate (1 to 2 to 4 to 8 to 16, and so on)

24. Food production increases at an arithmetic rate (from 1 to 2 to 3 to 4, and so on) 2. A population could double in about 25 years

25. 3. Unchecked population growth would lead to famine, which would reduce the population; again begin to grow until the next famine Preventive Checks are conscious reductions in fertility by such means as to practice sexual restraint, and delayed marriages

26. He recognized that other preventive checks could also curb increases in population, like infanticides, abortion, and birth control, but he did not support them Negative checks includes wars, epidemics, and famines

27. 4. Warfareand disease would also solve the population problem if people failed to see a humane solution

28. He assumed food production is confined • spatially and linearly • He did not consider imported food and • food aid can handle the famine in modern • time • He did not consider the future multiple • impacts of colonization, migration, and • globalization

29. He could not foresee the impacts of the • Industrial Revolution or the role of • technological change

30. Carrying Capacity: The number of • people the Earth can support at a • comfortable standard of living given • current technology and habits of • resource use • Carrying capacity is not a • fixed number; estimates put • Earth’s carrying capacity • between 2 and 40 billion people

31. Many factors determine carrying • capacity – “lifestyle” and technology • are most important factors • Neo-Malthusians refers to those who • subscribe to the viewpoint of Malthus • in modern context

32. Cornucopian Theory: A theory posting • that human ingenuity will result in • innovations that make it possible to • expand the food supply • Ester Boserup – people to be the most • valuable resource - cornucopian • Some cornucopians consider population • control misguided

33. Food Insecurity: A situation in which • people do not have physical or financial • access to basic foodstuffs • Conditions leading to food insecurity are: • poverty, war and civil strife, natural • disasters, rapid population growth, and • environmental degradation

35. Migration • Migration is movement, • but not all movement is migration • Movement of humans takes several forms • - from local to global • All movements involve leaving home

36. Migration: The long-term or permanent • relocation of an individual, household, or • group to a new location outside the • community of origin • No specific time frame – definitely not • for several days or weeks • The purpose is to change the place of • usual residence

37. Migration is notuniversal • Migration is repeatable and reversible, • age-selective • Circulation: The temporary, often • cyclical, relocation of an individual or • group from one place to another

38. The term immigration and emigration • describes whether people are moving • into (im-) or out of (e-) a country • Net migration = Number of immigrants – • Number of emigrants • Demographic equation: An equation used • to calculate population in a region over • a specified period of time

39. 2010 Population = 2009 Population + • (Births – Deaths) + Net Migration • Types of Migration • Voluntary Migration: Migration to a new • area primarily caused by pull factors • Movement by an individual based on choice

40. Reasons: economic prosperity, religious • and political freedom, or better weather • Ravenstein (1885): Using the 1881 census • of England and Wales, analyzed internal • migration of England; proposed 12 Laws • of Migration • Most migrations cover short distances and • do not cross international boundaries

41. Forced Migration: Migration caused by • extreme conditions,e.g., involuntary • deportation to another country by the • government, and expulsion from a country • Migration by an individual against • his/her will • Britain deported 165,000 convicts to • Australia between 1788 and 1850

42. 12 to >30 million • Nothing in human history compares to the • TST.

43. It brought between 12 million to over 30 • million from Africa to work in the • plantations of Caribbean, and Central, • North and South America • Most of West Africa was exploited during • the taking of slaves • Cultural and ethnic geography of receiving • countries was changed by importation of • slaves from Africa

44. Between 1825 and 1840, some 100,000 • Native Americans were removed from • their homelands in Southeastern USA • and transferred by the Army across the • Mississippi River to present-day • Oklahoma (the Trail of Tears ofthe Five • Civilized Tribes ofthe Southeast)

46. During Stalin’s rule – millions of non- • Russians sent to Central Asia and Siberia • In 1972, Idi Amin expelled nearly • 50,000 Asian Indians from Uganda • More than 1 million people have to move • out of the river valleys that are being • flooded in China by the construction of • the Three Gorges Dam