Information, Decision Support…

1. Please discontinue use of cell phone and turn off ringer Chapter 9 Information, Decision Support… Decision Making and Problem Solving Management Information Systems Decision Support Systems Group Decision Support Systems Artificial Intelligence and Special-Purpose Systems

2. Key Terms • Decision making • Problem solving • Programmed decisions • Nonprogrammed decisions • Optimization model • Heuristics 9.1 Decision Making and Problem Solving

3. Decision Making Problem Solving Decision Making & Problem Solving Process Intelligence Stage Potential Problems and opportunities are identified and defined Design Stage Alternative solutions to the problem are developed Choice Stage Select a course of action Implementation Solution put into effect Monitoring Evaluate the implementation

4. MIS DSS Decision Types • Programmed decisions • Structured situations with well defined relationships • Quantifiable • Non-programmed decisions • Ill-structured situations with vague or changing relationships between variables • Not easily quantifiable in advance

5. MIS vs. DSS • A MIS sheds light on a wide-range of common, day-to-day business decisions. • A DSS supports decision making for specific unique and difficult decisions.

6. Optimization and Heuristic Approaches • An optimization model finds the best solution, usually the one that will best help individuals or organizations meet their goals. • Heuristics, often referred to as “rules of thumb”—commonly accepted guidelines or procedures that usually find a good solution, but not necessarily the optimal solution—are often used in the decision-making process.

7. Key Terms • Management Information System (MIS) • Scheduled report • Demand report • Exception report 9.2 Management Information Systems

8. Management Information Systems (MIS) • MIS: an information system designed to provide routine information to managers and decision makers • Example: • Search for a car on edmunds

9. MIS Input and Output

10. Reports, Reports, Reports www.cognos.com/products/business_intelligence/reporting_sapbw/

11. Reports • Scheduled Reports are produced periodically on a schedule; daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually, etc. • Demand Reports are developed to get certain information at a person’s request. • Exception Reports are automatically produced when a situation is unusual or requires action.

12. Key Terms • Decision Support System • What-if analysis • Goal-seeking analysis 9.3 Decision Support Systems

13. Decision Support Systems • A decision support system (DSS) is an information system used to support problem-specific decision making. www.epocrates.com

14. What-if? • What-if analysis is the process of making hypothetical changes to problem data and observing the impact on the results. What-if is used in projecting paths of hurricanes

15. Goal-seeking • Goal-seeking analysis is the process of determining what problem data is required for a given result. What must be done in order to safely withdraw troops within a year? What if??? Excel Grade Individual Activity

16. Key Terms • Group decision support system (GDSS) • Groupware 9.4 Group Decision Support Systems

17. Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) • A GDSS or computerized collaborative work system is designed to provide effective support in group decision-making settings. A GDSS is flexible, supports anonymous input, and reduces negative group dynamics

18. Groupware • GDSS software, called groupware, helps with joint work group scheduling, communication, and management. www.lotus.com

19. 9.5 AI and Special-Purpose Systems Key Terms • Genetic algorithm • Intelligent agent • Expert system (ES) • Virtual reality • Geographic information system (GIS) • Game theory • Robotics • Vision systems • Natural language processing • Learning systems • Neural network • Fuzzy logic

20. An Overview of AI • AI systems simulate human thought and behavior. www.cyc.com

21. Interesting Statistics • It has been estimated that computers that can exhibit humanlike intelligence – including musical and artistic aptitude, creativity, the ability to move physically through the world, and emotional responsiveness – require processing power of 20 million billion calculations per second (petaflops).

23. Robotics • Robotics involves developing mechanical or computer devices to perform tasks that require a high degree of precision or are tedious or hazardous for humans. • ASIMO Demo

24. Other Forms of AI • Vision systems permit computers to capture store and interpret visual imaged and pictures. • Natural language processing, or speech recognition, allows a computer to understand and react to statements and commands made in a natural language. • Learning systems allow the computer to change how it functions or reacts to situations based on feedback it receives.

25. Specialized Systems • A geographic information system (GIS) is capable of storing, manipulating, and displaying geographic or spatial information including maps of locations or regions around the world. • Google Earth • Zillow

26. Specialized Systems • Game theory involves developing strategies for people, organizations, or even countries that are competing against each other. • Informatics combines traditional disciplines, like science and medicine, with computer systems and technology.

27. Don’t forget to turn your phone on!! Chapter 9 Questions?