SALTWATER / BRACKISH-WATER AQ [objectives] Chapter 14

1. SALTWATER / BRACKISH-WATER AQ [objectives]Chapter 14 • Discuss fundamentals of sw/bw AQ • Identify and explain the kinds of facilities and sites • ID and explain production considerations • Discuss government regs • Discuss culture of shrimp, salmon, mollusks, crustaceans and fish

2. FUNDAMENTALS • 15 states have shorelines on the Atlantic Ocean, 5 on the GOM, and 5 on Pacific • Saltwater and brackish-water aquaculture is called as mariculture • Salinity is the amount of salt in water • Salinity is measured either with a hydrometer, a refractometer, or a salinometer

3. HYDROMETER

4. REFRACTOMETER

5. SALINOMETER

6. SITES AND FACILITIES • Shore – land next to the ocean • Intertidal – area covered with water during high tide but not during low • Sublittoral – shallow inshore areas • Seabed – the ground always covered by the sea • Open ocean – away from shore

7. SHORE AQUACULTURE

8. INTERTIDAL AQUACULTURE

9. SUBLITTORAL

10. SEABED AQUACULTURE

11. OPEN OCEAN

12. SHRIMP AQUACULTURE • Ideal for intensive cultivation • Grow rapidly in intensive facilities • Great product demand • Main species cultured: *brown shrimp *white shrimp *pink shrimp

13. SHRIMP brown white pink tiger

14. PRODUCING SEED • Gravid females must be captured or produced • Capturing larval shrimp from the wild is difficult • Baby shrimp are called nauplii and eat plankton • Postlarval stage lasts about 50 days • Production ranges from 1000-5000 pounds per acre

15. SALMON AQUACULTURE • Salmon are anadromous (live in saltwater; spawn in freshwater) • Salmon farming – fish are raised from fry in tanks, ponds, or cages • Salmon ranching – smolt are released in streams; they migrate to ocean; grow to adults and return to release stream to spawn

16. coho sockeye chum pink

17. FISH LADDERS

18. SALMON EGGS, ALEVINS, AND SMOLT

19. MOLLUSKS • The oyster is the most important mollusk commonly cultured in the U.S. • Other cultured bivalves include clams, mussels, and scallops • Cultured gastropods include abalone and snails

20. BIVALVE MOLLUSKS oyster clams mussels scallops

22. OYSTER AQUACULTURE • Oysters change from males to females as they get larger • One female may release 50 to 100 million eggs per spawn • Eggs hatch within a few hours after fertilization • Turn into spat after 2 weeks and settle onto hard substrate (cultch)

23. OYSTER AQUACULTURE (cont’d.) • Oysters are filter feeders (plankton) • Commonly grown on seabed, trays, cages, rafts, and nets • Oysters require little management except for diseases and predators • Diseases include oyster fungus, dermo, and MSX • Predators include fish, seastars, and gastropods

24. OYSTER PREDATORS Oyster drill Cownose ray Sea star

25. HARVESTING • Oysters cultured on seafloor are typically harvested by tonging, dredging, or diving

26. OYSTER GARDENING

27. GASTROPODS • Two gastropods are primarily cultured; abalone and snails (escargot)

28. OTHER CULTURED SPECIES • Lobsters • Blue crabs • Mullet • Milkfish • Pompano • Redfish • Cobia • Flounder • Grouper • Dolphin

29. LOBSTERS Maine lobster Florida spiney lobster

30. BLUE CRABS

31. MULLET

32. MILKFISH

33. POMPANO

34. REDFISH

35. COBIA (LING)

36. FLOUNDER

37. GROUPER

38. DOLPHIN (MAHI MAHI)