Central Processing Unit(CPU)

1. Central Processing Unit(CPU)

2. Central Processing Unit(CPU)

3. Examples of real machine language for Intel 8088

4. (Clock) 1 hertz (1 Hz) = 1 cycle per second 1 megahertz (1 MHz) = 1 million cycles per second 1 gigahertz (1 GHz) = 1 billion cycles per second

5. a CPU’s clock speed is itsmaximum speed , not thespeed at which it must run. • The system crystal determines the speed at which a CPU and the rest ofthe PC operate. System Crystal

6. clock wire :A charge on the CLK wire tells the CPUthat another piece of information is waiting to beprocessed. • This set of commands which sent to a CPU in a specific order for the CPU to perform work. is known as a program

8. Clock Speed and Multipliers ExampleS

9. CPU Voltages

10. Pipelining • CPU takes at least four steps (each of these steps is called astage): 1. Fetch Get the data from the EDB 2.Decode Figure out what type of command needs to be done 3.Execute Perform the calculation. 4 .Write Send the data back onto the EDB • Pipelining enables a CPU to perform calculations as an assembly line. No longer does one calculationneed to be completed before the next can begin. • Modern CPUs have multiple pipelines.

11. CPU Cache • Because the CPU runs faster than the RAM cansupply it with code, we get pipeline stalls—called wait states—because the RAM can’t keep up with the CPU. • To reduce wait states, thePentium came with built-in, very high-speed RAM called Static RAM(SRAM). • SRAM used inthis fashion is called a cache. • Modern CPUs contain small amounts of high- speed SRAM called a cache. • As CPUs advanced,the capacities of the cache increased, as did the number of cache areas. CPU caches are also knownas L1, L2, or L3 caches. Data and instructions arestored in the cache while they await processing.

13. Memory

14. Memory

15. Example 2 20= 1,048,576= 1 MB

16. Modern CPUs • Intel • desktop processors ) Celeron, Pentium, and Core) • portable/smart phone chips ) Atom) • Xeon(server) • AMD

17. CPU Packages CPU • DIPصغيرة وسريعة العطب • Slot • PGA (is common)

18. Pin Grid Array(PGA) • is as staggered-PGA, micro-PGA, ballgrid array (which uses tiny balls instead of pins), and land grid array (which uses flat pads instead of pins). • Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) sockets

19. The first generations of sockets used a numbering system that startedwith Socket 1 and went through Socket 8.

20. The Pentium CPU:The Early Years • The 8088 CPU has series of improved processors withnames such as 80286, 80386, and 80486 • These CPU families in-corporated wider buses, increasingly higher clock speeds, and otherimprovements. • The Pentium retained the core features of the8088 and subsequent processors, although the clockwas much faster, the address bus and external databus were wider, and the registers had more bits.You’ll also see a number of other improvementsthat simply didn’t exist on the original 8088.

21. The Rise of 32-bit Processing • The old 8088 had 16-bit registers, an 8-bit EDB, anda 20-bit address bus. • Old operating systems (DOS and early versions of Windows) were writtento work on the 8088. • later CPUsgradually increased their address buses and general-purpose register sizes to 32 bits, • operating systems (Linux, Windows XP, and Windows Vista) • to process larger numbers at a single time • to address up to 232= 4,294,967,296 = 4 gigabytes of RAMRunning 32-bit operating systems on 32-bithardware is called32-bit processing.

22. Both AMD and Intel now make 64-bit processors that address up to 264 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 bytes of RAM. • Totake advantage of this larger address bus, a 64-bit version ofthe operating system must be used.

23. The Art of Cooling • OEM CPU coolers • Specialized CPU coolers • liquid cooling