Table of Contents Prewriting Stage Modules

1. Table of Contents Prewriting Stage Modules Sections are designed to be used separately and in any order, except for the Introduction which should be taught first. Introduction: Writing Process & Prewriting Stage……… What-Why-How Strategy ………………………………………….. Essay Organizer …………………………………………………………. Topic and Prompt …………………………………………..…………. No Prompt and Topic T-Chart Strategy ….…………..….…. Thesis Statement ……………………………………………………... Handouts …………………………………………………………………. What-Why-How Strategy Form ………………………..…… Essay Organizer Form ……………………………………………. Practice Writing Prompt ………………………………………... What-Why-How Strategy Examples ………………………….. Language Arts ……………………………………………………….. Math …………………………………………………………………….. Science …………………………………………………………………. Six Writing Traits Rubric …...……………………………………… Slide 2 – 9 Slide 10 - 28 Slide 29 - 32 Slide 33 - 42 Slide 43 - 55 Slide 56 – 65 Slide 66 Slide 67 - 68 Slide 69 Slide 70 Slide 71 Slide 72 - 76 Slide 77 – 78 Slide 79 – 80 Slide 81 - 83 National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

2. The Writing Process

3. What is the Writing Process? It is … • a series of stages to help you write well; • like using a map to get to an unfamiliar place; • comprised of six stages - prewriting, drafting, • sharing, revising, editing, and publishing; and • a process that is enhanced by collaboration. It is not … • a linear process; you may revisit any stage as • many times as needed. National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

4. Why might you need a Writing Process? Writing is not a natural talent; writing skills can be learned. • Writing takes practice and patience; with • practice your skills will improve. • Good writers follow a writing process. National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

5. The First Stage is the Prewriting… National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

6. Writing Process: Prewriting Stage What is “prewriting?” It is... • the first stage of the writing process; • an opportunity to discover ideas and write them • down; and • what you do before you start writing (drafting). Planning Writing before National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

7. Prewriting is a time to… • turn your brain on and think about the topic/prompt; • jot down a few quick ideas; • experiment with the ideas; • try out something new with only a little effort; and • warm up, like playing a sport or musical instrument, • with a good idea. National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

8. Prewriting is about generating ideas for writing. Prewriting is any activity that helps you… • decide on or clarify your topic; • brainstorm ideas on the subject; • find your voice; • organize your ideas; and • list places you can research information. Tools that help with prewriting: • Graphic organizers; • Charts; • Story webs; and • Word lists. National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

9. Prewriting – Developing your Ideas Remember to keep these two things in mind as you begin to develop your ideas. • Purpose – Why are you writing this? • Audience – Why is it important to the audience? National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

10. This Prewriting Stage lesson is about… Strategies National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

11. Prewriting Strategies What-Why-How Strategy Prewriting Strategies helps to clarify your opinion, identify reasons to support your opinion, and develop evidence to support each reason What-Why-How assists you to generate topics to write about Topic T-Chart assists in develop your main idea, identify reasons to support your opinion, and identify examples to support each reason Graphic Organizers Did You Know? The more time spent on prewriting, the higher the quality of the writing. Source: The Writing Teacher’s Strategy Guide by Steve Peha at http://www.ttms.org/ National RtI Writing Demonstration Project I didn’t know that.

12. Prewriting – Develop Your Idea What-Why-How Strategy This is a strategy to support any opinion you might have about your topic. What do you think? Why do you think it? How do you know? National RtI Writing Demonstration Project Source: The Writing Teacher’s Strategy Guide by Steve Peha at http://www.ttms.org/

13. What-Why-How Strategy What do you think? One sentence stating your opinion. It can also be your main idea. Why do you think it? The reasons you have to support your opinion. How do you know? The evidence, examples, or proof you have to support each reason. National RtI Writing Demonstration Project Source: The Writing Teacher’s Strategy Guide by Steve Peha at http://www.ttms.org/

14. Name _______________________________ Class _________ Date ___________ Period ____ What – Why – How Strategy Form • Howdo you know this? • Give examples to support each reason. • What details describe what you think? • What examples prove your thought? • Whatdo you think? • Write one sentence that tells what you think. • What do you think? • What is the main idea of the paragraph? • Whydo you think it? • Give reasons that tell why you think what you think. • What reasons support the main idea? 1. 2. 3.

15. What-Why-How Strategy Form The purpose of this form is to help you develop and record your ideas about your topic. All your ideas will be helpful when you start drafting your paper. Locate the “What” column on the form. This is the column you fill out first. National RtI Writing Demonstration Project Source: The Writing Teacher’s Strategy Guide by Steve Peha at http://www.ttms.org/

16. What do you think? One sentence stating your opinion about your topic. This may also be your main idea. For example, consider a topic about the “dog” character. What is your opinion about the dog? The dog is the most amazing animal in the whole world. National RtI Writing Demonstration Project Source: The Writing Teacher’s Strategy Guide by Steve Peha at http://www.ttms.org/

17. Name _______________________________ Class _________ Date ___________ Period ____ • What do you think? • Write one sentence that tells what you think.. • What do you think? • What is the main idea of the paragraph? What – Why – How Strategy Form • Howdo you know this? • Give examples to support each reason. • What details describe what you think? • What examples prove your thought? • Whydo you think it? • Give reasons that tell why you think what you think. • What reasons support the main idea? 1. 2. 3. The dog is the most amazing animal in the whole world.

18. What-Why-How Strategy “Why do you think it?” The reasons you have to support your opinion. National RtI Writing Demonstration Project Source: The Writing Teacher’s Strategy Guide by Steve Peha at http://www.ttms.org/

19. What-Why-How Strategy Why do you think it? Brainstorm reasons that supports your opinion. The dog is the most amazing animal in the whole world. What: Why – list of reasons • He protects Sam (main character). • He plays with Sam. • He does homework for Sam. • He makes money for Sam. Select the three most important reasons and write in “why” column. National RtI Writing Demonstration Project Source: The Writing Teacher’s Strategy Guide by Steve Peha at http://www.ttms.org/

20. Name _______________________________ Class _________ Date ___________ Period ____ • What do you think? • Write one sentence that tells what you think. • What do you think? • What is the main idea of the paragraph? What – Why – How Strategy Form • Howdo you know this? • Give examples to support each reason. • What details describe what you think? • What examples prove your thought? • Whydo you think it? • Give reasons that tell why you think what you think. • What reasons support the main idea? The dog is the most amazing animal in the whole world. 1. 2. 3. He protects Sam (main character). He plays with Sam. He does homework for Sam.

21. What-Why-How Strategy How do you know? The evidence, examples, or proof you have to support each reason. Identifying evidence can be challenging. You may need to keep asking questions about each reason to uncover the “how.” National RtI Writing Demonstration Project Source: The Writing Teacher’s Strategy Guide by Steve Peha at http://www.ttms.org/

22. What-Why-How Strategy Examples, evidence, or descriptions are important as your readers need proof to understand your opinion. How do you know? Example: The “dog” How Why • He protects Sam. • Whenever someone comes to the • door he barks to let Sam know. • He plays with Sam. • At the park he plays Frisbee. He • catches it in his mouth and brings • it back. • He does homework • for Sam. • He’s great with math. He has a • little trouble holding the pencil, • though. National RtI Writing Demonstration Project Source: The Writing Teacher’s Strategy Guide by Steve Peha at http://www.ttms.org/

23. Name _______________________________ Class _________ Date ___________ Period ____ • What do you think? • Write one sentence that tells what you think. • What do you think? • What is the main idea of the paragraph? What – Why – How Strategy Form • Whydo you think it? • Give reasons that tell why you think what you think. • What reasons support the main idea? • Howdo you know this? • Give examples to support each reason. • What details describe what you think? • What examples prove your thought? The dog is the most amazing animal in the whole world. 1. 2. 3. He protects Sam (main character). • Whenever someone • comes to the door he • barks to let Sam know. • At the park he plays • Frisbee. • He catches it in his • mouth and brings it • back. He plays with Sam. He does homework for Sam. • He’s great with math. • He has a little trouble • holding the pencil, • though.

24. What-Why-How Strategy Let’s look at one more example National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

25. Name _______________________________ Class _________ Date ___________ Period ____ What – Why – How Strategy Form • Howdo you know this? • Give examples to support each reason. • What details describe what you think? • What examples prove your thought? • Whydo you think it? • Give reasons that tell why you think what you think. • What reasons support the main idea? Queen Kapi‘olani’s Summer home is in Waimanalo. • She spent her leisure time at her summer home in Waimanalo • She went there to have tea and share stories with people of the area. • She entertained other royal families and special guest. • Whatdo you think? • Write one sentence that tells what you think. • What do you think? • What is the main idea of the paragraph? Waimanalo is a sacred and special place to live. 1. 2. • I learned to pole fish for Oio, and fish of the area. • Learned to body and bogie board and surf in the waves. • All our family gatherings and special occasions were spent in Waimanalo. We have one of the world’s beautiful beaches. 3. • Majority of the population is Native Hawaiian • It allowed the Native Hawaiian people to live off the land. • Helped maintain a strong Ohana system. Prince Jonah Kuhio Kalanianole had designated Waimanalo as a Hawaiian Homestead.

26. Review What-Why-How Strategy You identify: • What you think about the topic. Your opinion. • Why you think it. Reasons that support your opinion. • How you know it. Examples, evidence, proof • to support your opinion. National RtI Writing Demonstration Project Source: The Writing Teacher’s Strategy Guide by Steve Peha at http://www.ttms.org/

27. What-Why-How Strategy Use the information on the What-Why-How Strategy to write the body (3 paragraphs) of your essay. + + Introduction (First paragraph) Body (3 paragraphs) Conclusion (last paragraph) The Essay Organizer form is one way to do this. National RtI Writing Demonstration Project Source: The Writing Teacher’s Strategy Guide by Steve Peha at http://www.ttms.org/

28. Essay Organizer Form – 5 Paragraph Essay Hook: Introduce issue (prompt): WHAT/Thesis statement: What information goes here from (What-Why-How Strategy) INTRODUCTION Explanation of Thesis: Lead in (transition to body): WHY #1/Main Idea – Reason (topic sentence): HOW #1: For instance, (evidence, examples, descriptions): Quote and explanation of quote and refers back to thesis: Transition sentence: WHY #2/Main Idea – Reason (topic sentence): BODY – 3 PARAGRAPHS Why and How information goes here from (What-Why-How Strategy) HOW #2: For instance, (evidence, examples, descriptions): Quote and explanation of quote and refers back to thesis: Transition sentence: WHY #3/Main Idea – Reason (topic sentence): HOW #3: For instance, (evidence, examples, descriptions): Quote and explanation of quote and refers back to thesis: Transition sentence: Restate Thesis: Summary of reasons (optional) Final thoughts (conclude with a “clincher” or a “call to action”) CONCLU- SION National RtI Writing Demonstration Project 6

29. The Prewriting Stage is about… Essay Organizer National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

30. Essay Organizer WHAT: The essay organizer helps you arrange the ideas you generated in the prewriting stage. HOW: Use the What-Why-How Strategy form you filled out and arrange your ideas/sentences on the essay organizer. Prompt Topic What-Why-How Strategy Essay Organizer No Prompt National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

31. Essay Organizer Form – 5 Paragraph Essay Hook: Introduce issue (prompt): WHAT/Thesis statement: What information goes here from (What-Why-How Strategy) INTRODUCTION Explanation of Thesis: Lead in (transition to body): WHY #1/Main Idea – Reason (topic sentence): HOW #1: For instance, (evidence, examples, descriptions): Quote and explanation of quote and refers back to thesis: Transition sentence: WHY #2/Main Idea – Reason (topic sentence): BODY – 3 PARAGRAPHS Why and How information goes here from (What-Why-How Strategy) HOW #2: For instance, (evidence, examples, descriptions): Quote and explanation of quote and refers back to thesis: Transition sentence: WHY #3/Main Idea – Reason (topic sentence): HOW #3: For instance, (evidence, examples, descriptions): Quote and explanation of quote and refers back to thesis: Transition sentence: Restate Thesis: Summary of reasons (optional) Final thoughts (conclude with a “clincher” or a “call to action”) CONCLU- SION National RtI Writing Demonstration Project 6

32. Essay Organizer Your Turn Step 1: Locate your completed What-Why-How Strategy and Essay Organizer. Step 2: Fill in the information you have for the “Introduction” on the Essay Organizer. Step 3: Decide on the order of your main ideas (#1, #2, and #3). Step 4: Fill in the “Why” and “How” for each paragraph. Step 5: Write the information you have for the “Conclusion.” Now you are ready for the “Drafting Stage.” National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

33. Let’s look at writing to a prompt… Topic Prompt National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

34. What is a Prompt? Basically, a prompt is a question or an instruction that tells you what you're supposed to write. For example, a prompt might instruct you to write about… • a story you have read; • your opinion on a topic; • something you have experienced; or • a research topic. National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

35. Deconstructing a Prompt How do I do that? Constructing means to build and deconstructingmeans to take apart To deconstruct a prompt: 1. Read it. 2. Take it apart. 3. Understand what you need to do. 4. Determine how to respond to the prompt correctly. National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

36. Identifying Key Parts of a Written Prompt Does the prompt give you suggestions to get started? Hints • Pay careful attention to the wording of the prompt. • Look for suggestions in the prompt to get you • started (ideas to think about, verbs that tell • you what to do). • Use key words from the prompt to construct • your thesis statement. National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

37. Identifying Key Parts of a Written Prompt You can use the word RAFTS to help you remember how to deconstruct a prompt. What role do you take as the writer? (student, citizen, expert) Role Who is your audience? (class, parent, teacher, friend) Audience What kind of response are you writing? (essay, letter, descriptive) Format What are the verbs in the prompt asking you to do? (advise your classmate, justify your opinion, explain why…) Task What are the key words that you need to include in your response? Hint: Use these words to construct your thesis statement. Strong key words

38. Example of Deconstructing a Prompt Doing a Good Job Select a person you know who does a good job in his or her profession. This person may be an entertainer, an athlete, a character in a story, or simply a successful family member. Write a multi-paragraph essay describing why you think this individual is so good at his or her job. Include specific examples and details to support your response. What role do you take as the writer? (student, citizen, expert) I am writing this as a student. Role Who is your audience? (class, parent, teacher, friend) My audience will be the teacher. Audience What kind of response are you writing? I am writing a descriptive multi-paragraph essay. Format What are the verbs in the prompt asking you to do? Select a person, write an essay describing why he/she is good at his/her job, include examples and details Task What are the key words that you need to include in your response? Profession, successful Strong key words

39. Your Turn Prompt: Lots of people try to give us advice—parents, friends, brothers or sisters, teachers, etc. Tell a true story about a time you were given or gave advice. Tell if the advice was followed or not and the results. Form Pairs Re-read the prompt and deconstruct it by writing your response for: Strong Key Words Role Audience Format Task National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

40. Practice Writing Prompt Lots of people try to give us advice—parents, friends, brothers, or sisters, teachers, etc. Tell a true story about a time you were given or gave advice. Tell if the advice was followed or not and the results. Role Audience Format Task Strong key words

41. The most important prewriting activity is to think about what you are going to write about. Good writing is about… • clarifying the topic/deconstructing the prompt; • identifying strong feelings about the topic; and • forming an opinion about the topic. icon National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

42. Writing to a Prompt Review Write one to two complete sentences describing how to deconstruct a prompt. Read your sentences to a partner. National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

43. This Prewriting Stage lesson is about… Topic Prompt No Prompt National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

44. What are you going to write about? PROMPT Sometimes you are given the topic or prompt. NO PROMPT Sometimes you might choose a topic. icon National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

45. Let’s look at developing your own topic… Topic No Prompt National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

46. Prewriting Strategies Topic T-Chart Prewriting Strategies helps to clarify your opinion, identify reasons to support your opinion, and develop evidence to support each reason What-Why-How assists you to generate topics to write about Topic T-Chart assists in develop your main idea, identify reasons to support your opinion, and identify examples to support each reason Graphic Organizers Did You Know? The more time spent on prewriting, the higher the quality of the writing. Source: The Writing Teacher’s Strategy Guide by Steve Peha at http://www.ttms.org/ National RtI Writing Demonstration Project I didn’t know that.

47. No Prompt Sometimes you have a choice about what to write about. How do you find things you care and feel strongly about? One helpful strategy is to use a Topic T-Chart • brainstorm ideas of things • you care about • make a list on a T-Chart Let’s try it together! National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

48. Topic T-Chart Strategy Your Turn: Make a T-Chart on a piece of paper and brainstorm a list of ideas. Write things you “like” and things you “hate.” Like Hate National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

49. Share your “likes” and “hates” with a partner. Identify which “like” and “hate” on your list do you feel strongest about? National RtI Writing Demonstration Project

50. Let’s try another one. Typical life experiences and unusual life experiences. Typical Unusual National RtI Writing Demonstration Project