Vocabulary

1. American History I Unit 7 – Reconstruction Presidents: A. Johnson – R. B. Hayes R. M. Tolles Vocabulary

2. Jim Crow Laws – AH1U7 • Laws that institutionalized segregation in the South from the 1880s through the 1960s • Segregated schools, transportation (buses), and other public accommodations • These laws made it difficult or impossible for southern blacks to vote and often forbade intermarriage

3. Ten Percent Plan – Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan - AH1U7 • Known as the “ten percent plan,” Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction was more lenient than many members of Congress, especially the Radical Republicans, hope to impose. • Under Lincoln's plan: Southern states would be readmitted to the Union once ten percent of the state's voting population took an oath of loyalty to the Union and the states established new non-Confederate government

4. Freedmen's Bureau - AH1U7 • Established in 1865 and staffed by Union army officers, the Freedmen's Bureau worked to protect black rights in the South and to provide employment, medical care, and education to Southern blacks.

5. Abraham Lincoln - AH1U7 • 16th President of The United States – argueably the best or at least top 5 President • Lincoln emerged during the late 1850s as the nation's top Republican. His victory in the presidential election of 1860 precipitated the secession of the first southern states, paving the way for the Civil War. Lincoln's primary goal during and after the Civil War was to restore the Union. He did change the moral outlook of the war and pave the way for equality by issuing the Emancipation Proclamation. • He was assassinated in 1865 before he could realize his goal

6. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 – AH1U7 • These acts invalidated state governments established under Lincoln's and Johnson's plans, provided for military occupation of the former Confederacy, and bound state governments to vote for black suffrage

7. Fifteenth Amendment – AH1U7 • Prohibited the denial of voting rights to any citizen based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

8. Radical Republicans – AH1U7 • Led by Stevens and Sumner, the Radicals demanded a strict Reconstruction policy in order to punish the Southern states. • They also called for extended civil rights in the South • Radicals often aligned with moderate Republicans, were a dedicated and powerful force in Congress until the mid-1870s

9. Sharecropping System – AH1U7 • The system consisted of plantations subdivided into small farms that were rented to freedmen for leasers paid in the form of a share (usually half) of the crop produced • The system ostensibly gave freedmen a measure of independence, but often under terms that ensured that whites retained control of land and labor

10. Emancipation Proclamation – AH1U7 • Issued after the Battle of Antietam • Freed all slaves in states of rebellion only. • IT DID NOT END SLAVERY • Changed the moral outlook of the war

11. Black Codes – AH1U7 • All Southern state governments established under Andrew Johnson's plan for presidential Reconstruction enacted black codes, which granted the freedmen some basic rights, but also enforced heavy civil restrictions based on race.

12. Thirteenth Amendment – AH1U7 • The Thirteenth Amendment prohibited slavery in the United States

13. Ku Klux Klan (KKK) – AH1U7 • Klan operated in all Soutehrn states, conducting raids to intimidate black bvoters and Republican officials – faded away • Made a resurgence beginning in 1915. The Klan was dominated by whites native-born proestatnts and advocated white supremecy • The Klan was investigated for Civil Rights and violence in the 1960s

14. Reconstruction – AH1U7 • After the Union's victory in the Civil War, the nation needed to reintegrate the South into the Union and reconstruct the nation • President Lincoln created a mote frogiving and flexible plan known as the “ten percent plan,” while the Radical Republicans in Congress wanted to pass the more punitive Wade-Davis Bill. • Reconstruction lasted from 1865 to 1877

15. Scalawags – AH1U7 • “Scalawags” is a derisive term that Democrats used to designate Southern moderates who cooperated with the Republicans during Reconstruction • OR, Southerners who help the North during Reconstruction

16. Andrew Johnson – AH1U7 • Johnson became president upon Lincoln's death in 1865 and remained in office until 1869. • Johnson's plan for presidential Reconstruction was too lenient in the eyes of a Congress heavily influenced by Radical Republicans. • Congress fought his initiatives and undertook a more stringent and retributive Reconstruction plan. • Johnson's relationship with Congress declined steadily during his presidency, culminating in impeachment proceedings in 1868

17. Hayes-Tilden Compromise or The Great Compromise of 1877 – AH1U7 • This compromise resolved the conflict arising from the presidential election of 1876. Republican leaders contested the election returns of some states thus ensuring the victory of Republican Rutherford B. Hayes against Democrat Samuel J. Tilden – who won the popular vote. • To minimize protest form Democrats, Republicans agreed to end Reconstruction by removing federal troops from the last tow occupied states in the South

18. Fourteenth Amendment – AH1U7 • Guarantees the rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, black and white, and provided for the loss of congressional representation for any state that denied suffrage to any of its male citizens

19. Ulysses S. Grant – AH1U7 • Grant was commanding general of the Union forces in the West for much of the war and of all Union forces during the last year of the war. • Grant later became the nation's eighteenth president, serving from 1869-1877 and presiding over the decline of Reconstruction • His administration was marred by corruption

20. Carpetbaggers – AH1U7 • Southern white Democrats gave this nickname to northerners who moved South during Reconstruction in search of political and economic opportunity. • These northern opportunists purportedly took so little with them that they could fit all of their belongings in rough suitcases made from carpeting material

21. Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871 – AH1U7 • Passed largely in response to the activities of the KKK, the enforcement acts protected blacks from being intimidated or denied the right to vote