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EPIPEDONS

EPIPEDONS. COLOR  3/3 moist,  5/3 dry ORGANIC MATTER  0.6% O.C. or  1% O.M. DEPTH  25 cm 18-25 cm AND  1/3 the depth to bottom of cambic and spodic BASE SATURATION  50 %. COLOR  3/3 moist,  5/3 dry ORGANIC MATTER  0.6% O.C. or  1% O.M. DEPTH  25 cm

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EPIPEDONS

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  1. EPIPEDONS

  2. COLOR  3/3 moist,  5/3 dry ORGANIC MATTER  0.6% O.C. or  1% O.M. DEPTH  25 cm 18-25 cm AND  1/3 the depth to bottom of cambic and spodic BASE SATURATION  50 % COLOR  3/3 moist,  5/3 dry ORGANIC MATTER  0.6% O.C. or  1% O.M. DEPTH  25 cm 18-25 cm AND  1/3 the depth to bottom of cambic and spodic BASE SATURATION  50 % MOLLIC UMBRIC

  3. 0 cm 0 cm 25 cm 25 cm 50 cm 50 cm 75 cm 75 cm 100 cm 100 cm 150 cm 150 cm MOLLIC UMBRIC (Look alike!!)

  4. OCHRIC • DEFAULT EPIPEDON

  5. 0 cm 0 cm 25 cm 25 cm 50 cm 50 cm 75 cm 75 cm 100 cm 100 cm 150 cm 150 cm MOLLIC OCHRIC

  6. SUBSURFACE HORIZONS

  7. Dense (and a discontinuity)

  8. Densic material

  9. C1 C2 Cambic Loess

  10. ALBIC light-colored, highly leached, eluvial horizon • occurs above a B, usually below an O or A, but sometimes at the surface if eroded site.

  11. Discontinuity – sandy outwash or wind-blown or alluvium above a finer-textured deposit such as dense till (why would it form if the material below was friable?) ALBIC SPODIC? DENSIC, or Dense Till?

  12. PARALITHIC • Must be root-limiting at the contact • Weakly to mod. cemented bedrock (Cr horizon) • Makes somewhat jagged pit-face where individual pieces are torn out. Pieces can be broken or crushed easily but 50-100% are still cemented.

  13. LITHIC • Must be root-limiting at the contact • Strongly cemented rock (R horizon) • Detached frags are called floaters, not part of the R horizon. • Requires big backhoe to dig a pit, leaves horribly jagged pit face. Dystr ud epts Bw1 Bw2

  14. Neither LITHICor PARALITHIC • Saprolite – C horizon that can be easily and smoothly cut with a soil knife, does not require digging out jagged pieces, looks like rock but in more than half of the layer, pieces of rock, either cannot be extracted at all, or are not cemented at all. Rare in Glaciated areas. paralithic

  15. Lithic or Paralithic? Not jagged enough for Lithic. Eutr ud ept

  16. SPODIC • found in sandy materials in cool, moist forested areas • if subsoil horizon has pH  5.9 and O.C.  0.6% and either • ALBIC horizon and orange, red or black below or • no ALBIC but orange, colors and meets chemical criteria dry moist

  17. Since there is an albic above, call anything black a Bh, Bhs if brownish-red, Bhsm if cemented. No Bw if considering spodic or see a good albic. Spodosol AE E Bh Bhs Bg BC In mountains or hills Near ocean or floodplain

  18. Ortstein • Ortstein – spodic material cemented because of highconcentrations of illuviated Al-OC or Al-OC-Fe. Root- and water-limiting. • Forms right at top of spodic. Often gravelly, cemented in > 50% of no-pick zone, perches water, stops roots, may be firm when moist but gets rock-like when dry.

  19. Ortstein • Root- and water-limiting. May be only 1 cm thick. • Pores plugged by precipitated OC-Al+ Fe • Note the Bs below?

  20. Bar = 2mm Thin section of Plugged Horizon Soil pore next to ped Surface Sand grains Cementation in pores by OC-Fe Sand grain

  21. Buried A horizon No E horizon above, no orange colors below, so not spodic. Wrong landscape position (marsh). See powerpoint about Buried soils. Cementation in pores by OC-Fe Sand grain

  22. A 8% clay plus a bit of silt Bw 8% clay (NOT CAMBIC!) BC < 8% clay C < 8% clay All horizons are loose, structureless, single-grained except the A. It is loose, WK, blocky.

  23. CAMBIC • altered horizon • texture of vfs, lvfs, or finer • structure development • If BA is too dark (3/3 moist), it is part of cambic. • No albic in sight! BA Bw1 Bw2

  24. Dry Cambic? Or None? Probably too sandy for cambic, so NONE. No E horizon, colors below the A are not spodic, so call it Bw, not Bs. No albic in sight!

  25. Wet Cambic Too Sandy for Cambic Bg E

  26. Udi Psamm ent • A over C horizons

  27. Assume the second layer has artifacts, confirms that humans moved the top. The second layer is often compacted, so it could be a ^Cd. The “d” is used with natural and human-compacted layers. ^Ap ^Cu Ab Bwb Cg

  28. 0 12 36 52 100+ A Bw 2Ck 2C Dystr ud ept Loose till over outwash? Discontinuity?

  29. A Bw1 Bw2 R or 2R Dystr ud ept Looks like loose till over residuum What else?

  30. Udi Fluv ent C1 C2 This soil stratified below with irregular decrease in OC. Must be alluvium, because an outwash profile would have better development, more horizons.

  31. Psamm aqu ent Udi Psamm ent Ag Cg1 Cg2 A C1 C2 Gray sand in floodplain Drained, or couldn’t get a pit open. Red sand

  32. Endo aqu ept CaCO3 BS OC Clay 0 -8; SiL; 10YR 4/2; 3 gr; 2, 0 25 1.2 12 8-30; SiL; 2.5Y 4/2; 2 sbk; 2, 0 19 0.7 13 30-57; SiL; 2.5Y 4/1; 2 sbk; 3, 0 18 0.2 12 57-79; SiL; 2.5YR 5/2; 0 sls; 3, 0 12 0.1 13 79+; SL; 2.5YR 5/2; 0 sls; 4, 0 10 0.01 5 Ag BA Bg Cg1 2Cg2

  33. Dytr ud epts ODOE BS OC Clay 0 -22; FSL; 7.5YR 3/4; 2 gr; 0 25 1.2 15 22-50; SL; 7.5YR 5/4; 2 sbk; 0 20 0.7 14 50-75; CoSL; 7.5YR 6/4; 1 sbk; 0 15 0.02 12 75+; Gr CoSL; 7.5YR 6/4; 0 sls; 0 15 0.01 10 Ap Bw BC C

  34. Udi psamm ent ODOE BS OC Clay 0 -18; FSL; 10YR 4/3; 2 sbk; 0 55 0.8 8 18-40; LFS; 10YR 5/4; 1 sbk; 0 60 0.2 4 40-52; FS; 10YR 4/4; 0 sls; 0 90 0.1 3 52-104; FS; 10YR 5/4; 0 sg; 0 100 0.02 2 104+ FS; 10YR 4/4; 0 sg; 0 100 0.01 2 BC C2 1

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