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Responsibility of stakeholders for voltage dips

Responsibility of stakeholders for voltage dips. Math Bollen Energy Markets Inspectorate Eskilstuna, Sweden. The compatibility gap. Immunity of installations and processes. Residual voltage. The compatibility gap. Continuity of supply regulation. Duration of the dip.

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Responsibility of stakeholders for voltage dips

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  1. Responsibility of stakeholders for voltage dips Math Bollen Energy Markets Inspectorate Eskilstuna, Sweden

  2. The compatibility gap Immunity of installations and processes Residual voltage The compatibility gap Continuity of supply regulation Duration of the dip Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a

  3. Bridging the gap – immunity • CIGRE/CIRED/UIE working group C4.110 • Process immunity time as a tool for improving the immunity of an industrial process • Equipment with higher immunity is slowly entering the market • Fault-ride-through for wind turbines • No developments in standardization Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a

  4. Bridging the gap - emission • EMC directive: the power system is an installation • Voltage dips are emission by the power system to the customer • No IEC standards on voltage-dip emission • EN 50160 gives no information either • European regulators took up the issue in their ”voltage quality conclusion paper” Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a

  5. Responsibility sharing curve Installations should tolerate these dips Residual voltage Voltage-quality regulation Duration of the dip Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a

  6. South Africa 85% 80% 70% 0.15s 0.6s Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a

  7. France 70% 0.6s Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a

  8. Working group C4.110 80% 70% Class C Class A 50% 40% 0.5s 1s 2s 0.2s Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a

  9. Voltage dips: Swedish regulation Installations should tolerate these dips Area A Residual voltage Dips are unacceptable Area C A reasonable number of dips is acceptable Area B Duration of the dip Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a

  10. How to choose the curves? • Dips, up to 45 kV • CIGRE/CIRED/UIE working group C4.110 • Dips, above 45 kV • Discussion between the stakeholders • Swells, up to 1 kV • Protection requirements microgeneration • Highest overvoltages during earthfaults • Experiments on equipment damage Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a

  11. The resulting limits 90% 80% 70% 40% Red: above 45 kV Green: 45 kV and less 0.5s 1s 60s 5s 0.2s Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a

  12. What is a reasonable number of events? • South Africa: 95% of sites • France: comparing with previous years • Sweden • comparing with similar networks elsewhere • In case of a disagreement the network operator has to convince the regulator that the number of dips is reasonable • Experience with this to be gained in the coming years • Area B is also to be defined in contracts

  13. Stakeholder Responsibility • Network Operator • Prevent dips in Area C • Limit the number of dips in Area B • Customer • Process to be immute to dips in Area A • Impact of dips in Area B to be limited

  14. Stakeholder Responsibility (2) • Equipment manufacturer • Equipment to be immune to dips in Area A • Different classes of equipment immunity to cover Area B • Standard-setting organisation • New standardization to cover Area A and B • Consider immunity of processing, not just of equipment • Consider balanced and unbalanced dips

  15. What next? • Gaining experience • What is a reasonable number of events? • How to do the measurements? • Can simulations be used? • Extending to balanced and unbalanced dips • In area B • Power-quality contracts Math Bollen – Sweden – S2a

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