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Steroid Structure

Steroid Structure. Protein Structure and Function. Proteins Polymers made of amino acid monomers Amino acids: Central carbon bonded to carboxyl Amino group Hydrogen Atom R group. Peptide Bonds. Peptide Bond Link amino acids dehydration synthesis Protein function depends

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Steroid Structure

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  1. Steroid Structure

  2. Protein Structure and Function • Proteins • Polymers made of amino acid monomers • Amino acids: • Central carbon bonded to carboxyl • Amino group • Hydrogen Atom • R group

  3. Peptide Bonds • Peptide Bond • Link amino acids • dehydration synthesis Protein function depends On # and order of amino acids

  4. Four levels of protein structure • Primary: sequence of amino acids • Secondary: refers to one of two 3D structures that result from H bonding • Alpha helix “spring” • Beta pleated sheet “accordion” • Tertiary: Complex globular shape • Result of interactions between R groups • Hydrophobic interactions • Van der Waals • Disulfide bridges • Quaternary: two or more polypeptides forming one large protein.

  5. Levels of Protein Structure

  6. Shape Dictates Function • Improper protein folding can lead to a variety of diseases • Cancer • Sickle-cell disease: abnormal hemoglobin • Prions • Alhezimers disease • Chaperonins: • assist in proper folding • Provide proper folding environment • Denaturation • Protein looses shape and or function • Heat • pH • Salt concentrations

  7. Chaperonin

  8. Alzheimer's disease • Beta-amyloid is a fragment from a larger protein called amyloid precursor protein APP. • Cut by enzymes • Leads to plaque formation • Plaques disrupt calcium concentration, accumulate on mitochondria, induce apoptosis

  9. Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Research from Drs. Yang and Meadowcroft at the Penn State Hershey Med Center, Center for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Research.

  10. Nucleic Acids • Store and transmit hereditary information • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • RNA (ribonucleic acid) • Both have monomer nucleotides • Nucleotides 3 parts • Nitrogenous Base: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, uralic • Pentose: 5 carbon sugar • Phosphate:

  11. Nucleic Acid Structure

  12. DNA & RNA • DNA is the molecule of heredity • Double stranded helix • Composed of • Adenine • Thymine • Cytosine • Guanine • G bonds C • A bonds T • RNA • Single Stranded • Composed of • Adenine • Cytosine • Guanine • Uracil

  13. Monomer & Polymer Summary Table

  14. Concept Check • Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids? • Describe why phospholipids are important components of cell membranes, based on their structure and properties • Hydrolysis is involved in • A. Formation of starch • B. hydrogen bond formation between nucleic acids • C. Peptide bond formation of proteins • They hydrophilic interactions of lipids • The digestion of maltose to glucose • Compare and Contrast DNA vs RNA

  15. Concept Check Responses • Carboxyl (the acid part), amino (the amino part) • Polar head, apolar tail, bilayer, fluid, semipermeable membrane • E is correct, hydrolysis, hydro-water, lysis-splits. Look for a large polymer split to monomer. • DNA double stranded RNA Single stranded, DNA Thymidine, RNA Uracil, DNA deoxyribose, RNA ribose

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