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2. Resources Bellringers Chapter Presentation Transparencies Standardized Test Prep Image and Math Focus Bank CNN Videos Visual Concepts

3. Birds and Mammals Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Characteristics of Birds Section 2 Kinds of Birds Section 3 Characteristics of Mammals Section 4 Placental Mammals Section 5 Monotremes and Marsupials

4. Chapter 17 Section 1 Characteristics of Birds Bellringer What are some ways that birds are beneficial to people? Record your response in yourscience journal.

5. Chapter 17 Section 1 Characteristics of Birds Objectives • Describe two kinds of feathers. • Describehow a bird’s diet, breathing, muscles, and skeleton help it fly. • Explainhow lift works. • Describe how birds raise their young.

6. Chapter 17 Section 1 Characteristics of Birds Characteristics of Birds • Birds share many characteristics with reptiles such as being vertebrates, having scales on parts of their bodies, and laying amniotic eggs with shells. • Birds have unique characteristics such as laying eggs with hard shells, and having feathers, wings, and a beak. • Birds can also maintain a constant body temperature.

7. Chapter 17 Section 1 Characteristics of Birds Feathers • Feathers help birds stay dry and warm, attract mates, and fly. • Preening and MoltingBirds take good care of their feathers. They use their beaks to spread oil on their feathers in a process calledpreening.Preening helps waterproof the feathers and keep them clean. • Molting is the process of shedding old feathers and growing new ones.

8. Chapter 17 Section 1 Characteristics of Birds Feathers, continued • Two Kinds of FeathersFluffy feathers that lie next to a bird’s body are calleddown feathers.Down feathers help birds stay warm. • Contour feathersare stiff feathers that cover a bird’s body and wings. Contour feathers help some birds attract mates and fly.

9. Chapter 17 Section 1 Characteristics of Birds The Structure of a Contour Feather

10. Chapter 17 Section 1 Characteristics of Birds High-Energy Animals • Fast MetabolismsBirds need a lot of energy to fly. To get this energy, their bodies break down food quickly.

11. Chapter 17 Section 1 Characteristics of Birds Fast Digestion • High-Energy FoodsBecause birds need a lot of energy, they eat a lot. • Most birds eat insects, nuts, seeds, or meat. These foods are high in protein and fat. • Birds have a unique digestive system to help them get energy quickly.

12. Chapter 17 Section 1 Characteristics of Birds The Digestive System of a Bird

13. Chapter 17 Section 1 Characteristics of Birds Flying • Most birds can fly.Even flightless birds, such as ostriches, have ancestors that could fly. • Birds have many adaptations for flight. In addition to wings, birds have lightweight bodies, powerful flight muscles, and a rapidly beating heart.

14. Chapter 17 Section 1 Characteristics of Birds

15. Chapter 17 Section 1 Characteristics of Birds

16. Chapter 17 Section 1 Characteristics of Birds Getting Off the Ground • Birds need to overcome gravity to fly. Flapping their wings help birds get up into the air and to push forward through the air. • A bird’s wings create lift. Liftis an upward force on an object. • The shape of the wing affects the air around it. As air flows over and under a bird’s wings, the air’s speed and direction change. This change causes lift.

17. Chapter 17 Section 1 Characteristics of Birds Lift Keeps Birds in the Air

18. Chapter 17 Section 1 Characteristics of Birds Raising Baby Birds • Like reptiles, birds reproduce sexually by internal fertilization. Birds also lay amniotic eggs. • Unlike most reptiles, birds must keep their eggs warm for the embryos to live and grow. • NestsMany birds build nests in which they lay their eggs. • The act of sitting on eggs and using body heat to keep them warm is called brooding.

19. Chapter 17 Section 1 Characteristics of Birds Raising Baby Birds, continued • Precocial and Altricial Birds that are active soon after they hatch are called precocial. • Precocialchicks, such as chicken and duck chicks, can walk, swim and feed themselves shortly after birth. The mother provides warmth and protection. • Altrical chicks, such as hawk and songbird chicks, are born weak and helpless. Their eyes are closed and they do not have feathers.

20. Chapter 17 Section 2 Kinds of Birds Bellringer • Record your responses to the following questions in your science journal: • Why are hawk moths, bats, and flying squirrels not classified as birds? • Why are penguins and ostriches classified as birds?

21. Chapter 17 Section 2 Kinds of Birds Objectives • Identifythe differences between flightless birds, water birds, perching birds, and birds of prey.

22. Chapter 17 Section 2 Kinds of Birds Kinds of Birds • Scientist group living birds into 28 different orders. Songbirds make up the largest order. • Birds are often grouped into four nonscientific categories: flightless birds, water birds, perching birds, and birds of prey. • These categories do not include all birds, but they do show how different birds can be.

23. Chapter 17 Section 2 Kinds of Birds Flightless Birds • Running and SwimmingNot all birds fly. Most flightless birds do not have the large keel that anchors birds’ flight muscles. • Instead of flying, some flightless birds run quickly to move around. Others are skilled swimmers.

24. Chapter 17 Section 2 Kinds of Birds Water Birds • Many flying birds are also comfortable in the water. These water birds include cranes, ducks, geese, swans, pelicans, and loons. • These birds usually have webbed feet for swimming or long legs for wading. • Some water birds have a rounded, flat beak for eating plants or small invertebrates. Others have a long, sharp beak for catching fish.

25. Chapter 17 Section 2 Kinds of Birds Perching Birds • Perching birds have special adaptations for resting on branches. Songbirds, such as robins, warblers, and sparrows, make up a large part of this group of birds. • When a perching bird lands in a tree, its feet automatically close around a branch. Sleeping birds will not fall off the branch.

26. Chapter 17 Section 2 Kinds of Birds Birds of Prey • Birds of prey hunt and eat other vertebrates. These birds may eat insects or other invertebrates in addition to mammals, fish, reptiles, and birds. • Birds of prey have sharp claws on their feet and sharp, curved beaks. They also have very good vision.

27. Chapter 17 Section 3 Characteristics of Mammals Bellringer What are the characteristics of mammals? Record your response in your science journal.

28. Chapter 17 Section 3 Characteristics of Mammals Objectives • Explain how early mammals lived. • Describe seven common characteristics of mammals.

29. Chapter 17 Section 3 Characteristics of Mammals The First Mammals • Fossil evidence indicates that about 280 million years ago, reptiles called therapsids existed. These animals had characteristics of both reptiles and mammals. • True mammals appeared appeared in the fossil record more than 225 million years ago. They were about the size of mice. • Since they were endotherms, early mammals could feed at night and avoid dinosaurs. After dinosaurs became extinct, mammals started to spread out and live in different environments.

30. Chapter 17 Section 3 Characteristics of Mammals Common Characteristics • Making MilkAll mammals have mammary glands. Structures that make milk are calledMammary glands. • Breathing AirMammals have a muscle that helps them get air. Thediaphragmis a large muscle that helps bring air into the lungs. • EndothermicMammals are endotherms. The ability to stay warm helps them survive in cold areas and stay active when the weather is cool.

31. Chapter 17 Section 3 Characteristics of Mammals Common Characteristics, continued • HairAll mammals—even whales—have hair. Mammals that live in cold climates usually have thick coats of hair. These thick coats are called fur. • Most mammals have a layer of fat under their skin to keep warm. Blubber is an especially thick layer of fat found on mammals that live in cold water.

32. Chapter 17 Section 3 Characteristics of Mammals Common Characteristics, continued • Specialized TeethAnother unique mammal characteristic is specialized teeth. Fish and reptiles have teeth, but usually they are all identical. Mammals have incisors, canines, and molars. • Incisors are located in the front of the mouth. They help cut food. • Next to the incisors are the canines, which help grab and hold food. • In the back of the mouth are the molars, which help grind food.

33. Chapter 17 Section 3 Characteristics of Mammals Common Characteristics, continued • Sexual ReproductionAll mammals reproduce sexually. Though there are a few exceptions, most mammals give birth to live young. • Newborn mammals stay with at least one parent until they are grown. • Large BrainsA mammal’s brain is much larger than that of most other animals that are the same size. This large brain allows mammals to learn and think quickly.

34. Chapter 17 Section 4 Placental Mammals Bellringer Brainstorm a list of 25 mammals in your science journal. Then divide and organize those animals into groups based on how similar or different they are. You can compare your classification system to that used by scientists as you read the section.

35. Chapter 17 Section 4 Placental Mammals Objectives • Explain how placental mammals develop. • Give an example of each type of placental mammal.

36. Chapter 17 Section 4 Placental Mammals Placental Mammals • Mammals are divided into groups based on how they develop. • A placental mammal is a mammal whose embryos grow in an organ called a uterus. An organ called the placenta attaches the embryo to the uterus. • The length of time between fertilization and birth is called the gestation period.

37. Chapter 17 Section 4 Placental Mammals Anteaters, Armadillos, and Sloths • A few mammals have unique backbones that have special connections between the vertebrae. This group includes anteaters, armadillos, and sloths. • Most mammals in this group eat insects they catch with their long, sticky tounges.

38. Chapter 17 Section 4 Placental Mammals Insectivores • Insectivores make up another group of mammals that eat insects. This group includes moles, shrews, and hedgehogs. • Most members of this group are small, have long, pointed noses, small brains, and simple teeth.

39. Chapter 17 Section 4 Placental Mammals Rodents • More than one-third of mammal species are rodents. Rodents live on every continent except Antarctica. • Squirrels, mice, rats, guinea pigs, porcupines, and chinchillas are all rodents. • Rodents have one set of incisors in their upper jaw. Rodents gnaw and chew so much that their teeth wear down. But that doesn’t stop their chewing––their incisors grow continuously!

40. Chapter 17 Section 4 Placental Mammals Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas • Rodents are similar to a group of mammals that includes rabbits, hares, and pikas. Like rodents, they have sharp gnawing teeth. • Unlike rodents, this group has two sets of sharp incisors in their upper jaw. Their tails are also shorter than rodent’s tails.

41. Chapter 17 Section 4 Placental Mammals Flying Mammals • Bats are the only mammals that fly. Bats are active at night. They sleep in protected areas during the day. Most bats eat insects or other small animals. But some bats eat fruit or plant nectar. • Most bats use echoes to find their food and their way. Using echoes to find things is called echolocation.

42. Chapter 17 Section 4 Placental Mammals Carnivores • Mammals that have large canine teeth and special molar teeth for slicing meat are called carnivores. • Many mammals in this group eat only meat, but other members of this group are omnivores or herbivores that eat plants. • Bears, cats, dogs, otters, raccoons and pinnipeds––the group of fish-eating ocean mammals that includes seals, sea lions, and walruses––are all carnivores.

43. Chapter 17 Section 4 Placental Mammals Trunk-Nosed Mammals • Elephants are the only mammals that have a trunk. The trunk is a combination of an upper lip and a nose. • An elephant uses its trunk in the same ways we use our hands, lips, and nose. Elephants use their trunks to put food in their mouths and to spray water on their backs to cool off.

44. Chapter 17 Section 4 Placental Mammals Hoofed Mammals • Horses, pigs, deer, and rhinoceroses are some of the many mammals that have thick hoofs. • A hoof is a thick, hard pad that covers a mammal’s toe. The hoof is similar to a toenail or a claw, but it covers the entire toe. • Hoofed mammals are divided into two orders ––odd-toed and even-toed––based on how many toes are on each foot.

45. Chapter 17 Section 4 Placental Mammals Cetaceans • Cetaceans are a group of mammals made up of whales, dolphins, and porpoises. All cetaceans live in the water. • While they may look like fish, cetaceans have lungs and nurse their young. • Like bats, cetaceans use echolocation to find fish fish and other animals.

46. Chapter 17 Section 4 Placental Mammals Manatees and Dugongs • The smallest group of mammals that live in the water are manatees and dugongs. This group includes three species of manatees and the dugong. • Manatees and dugongs use their front flippers and a tail to swim slowly through the water. They live along coasts and rivers where they eat seaweed and water plants. • Like cetaceans, manatees and dugongs surface to breathe air.

47. Chapter 17 Section 4 Placental Mammals Primates • Scientists classify prosimians, monkeys, apes, and humans as primates. • These animals have five fingers on each hand and five toes on each foot. Primates have opposable thumbs, which allow them to hold objects. • Primates have a larger brain than most other mammals the same size have. They are considered highly intelligent animals.

48. Chapter 17 Section 5 Monotremes and Marsupials Bellringer Have you ever seen a marsupial? Name three marsupials and if you can, name where they are found in the world. Next, name a monotreme. Write your paragraph in your science journal.

49. Chapter 17 Section 5 Monotremes and Marsupials Objectives • Describe the difference between monotremes and marsupials. • Name the two kinds of monotremes. • Give three examples of marsupials. • Explain why many marsupials are endangered or extinct.

50. Chapter 17 Section 5 Monotremes and Marsupials Monotremes • Amonotremeis a mammal that lays eggs. Monotremes have all the traits of mammals, including mammary glands, a diaphragm, and hair. They are also endothermic. • A female monotreme lays eggs with thick, leathery shells. She uses her body energy to keep the eggs warm. • Monoterms do not have nipples. Their young lick milk from the skin and hair around the mother’s mammory glands.