Genetics

1. Genetics

2. 17.1 Modeling Inheritance • Genetics : the study of the way physical traits are passed from parents to offspring. • Scenario: An eight-year old boy has blue eyes. His mother has blue eyes and his father has brown eyes. You have been asked to explain to the boy why he has blue eyes. • Materials: 4 colored objects, 3 of which are the same color 3 Paper cups

3. With you model: • Explain what the different objects in your model represent. • Describe or draw your model. Be very specific as to how it explains the process of inheritance. • A young girl has type AB Blood. Her father has type B Blood and her mother has type A Blood. Can your model explain how blood type is passed from parents to child? How? Be specific.

4. 17.2 Genes and Traits Using pages 210 & 211 Define the following terms: • Genes • Alleles • Dominant • Recessive • Phenotype • Genotype • Homozygous • Heterozygous

5. What is the difference between a phenotype and genotype? • A plant with red flowers is bred with a plant with white flowers • A. if all offspring have red flowers, what does this tell you? • B. if all off spring have pink flowers what does this tell you? • Organisms that reproduce asexually have only one parent, How would you expect the genotype and phenotype of asexually produced offspring to compare to the genotype and phenotype of the parent?

6. 17.3 Rearranging Rice Genes • Read page 212 • Complete the procedure on page 213 • As a class, we will complete the group analysis.

7. Punnett Square • Flower Color • B = pink • B=white • Which trait is dominant? • What is the genotypic ratio? • What is the phenotypic ratio? Try your own: B=blue, B=brown Homozygous blue eyed parent crossed With a heterogynous brown eyed parent.

8. 17.4 Generation Next: Crossing the offspring • Read page 214 • Complete the procedure on page 215 • As a group, answer the questions on page 215 • Complete the procedure on page 216 • As a group, answer the questions on page 216 • Individual analysis questions are NOT REQUIRED!

9. 18.1 Double Crossing Corn • Law of independent Assortment: genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other. • Use the FOIL Method to set up your punnett square • First, Outside, Inside and Last • P=Pink, p=White • T=Tall, t=short • What would the offspring of two heterozygous pink, heterozygous tall parents look like?

10. Read pages 218-219 • Complete the procedure on page 220. • Each person needs to have a data table • Analysis questions are not required on paper, but need to be discussed in your group.

11. 18.2 Breeding Rice Different strains of rice plants grow better and produce larger yields in different parts of the world. For example, rice plants that grow well in cool, dry highlands of Bhutan perform poorly in semi-tropical areas prone to flooding, such as parts of southeast Asia. Different strains of rice also have different tastes and textures. The best rice to grow in any particular region is a rice that is resistant to common local diseases, grows rapidly to give the highest yield in the shortest time, is suited to the local climate, and has a taste and texture enjoyed by the residents of the region.

12. Scenario Imagine you have discovered two different strains of rice. Strain #1: has a pleasant aroma and flavor (aromatic) but is easily damaged by flooding (flood intolerant) Strain #2: can be submerged under water for up to two weeks, then recover and grow once the flooding is over (flood tolerant), but has an unpleasant aroma and flavor (non-aromatic)/. You would like to develop a strain of plants that has the interesting aroma and flavor of Strain #1 and the flood tolerance of Strain #2.

13. You breed a plant from Strain 1 with plants from Strain 2 (parent plants) P Generation, and find that 100% of the offspring (F1 Generation) are flood tolerant, but non of them have a pleasant aroma and flavor. Assume that: • A stands for the allele for the dominant, non –aromatic trait • a stands for the allele for the recessive, aromatic trait • F stands for the allele for the dominant, flood-tolerant trait • f stands for the allele for the recessive, flood-intolerant trait • As a class, let’s do the individual analysis on page 222.

14. Procedure • Complete the procedure on page 223 • Each PAIR needs to complete a data chart to turn in. • As a class, we will discuss the questions on page 224.

15. What does it mean? • Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering • New practice for developing crop strains • Same results as selective breeding, but in a shorter time • Transgenetic • An organism that has been modified through the insertion of genes from a different species

16. 18.3 Breeding Crops with Desirable Traits • Read pages 225-227, answer the questions on page 227 INDIVIDUALLY, answer all five questions on paper and turn them in. • Please label your paper 18.3!!

17. 18.4 Cattle Calls • Animal Domestication • Cattle date back to 6500 B.C. identified by remains found in Turkey. • Cattle may have been domesticated as early as 8000 B.C. • However, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs were most likely domesticated earlier • Cattle have been selectively bred to perform better in one of the three areas they are used for • Purposes of cattle • Meat • Milk • Labor

18. AnkoleWatusi

19. Florida Cracker/Pineywoods • Better known as the Texas Longhorn

20. Milking Devon

21. Ayrshire

22. Galloway

23. Senepol

24. Barzona

25. Holstein

26. Shorthorn

27. Brahman

28. Maine-Anjou

29. Zebu

30. Obtain a Material World Book • As a group, select a country other than the US • Follow the procedure on page 229 • Answer the group analysis questions, as a group and turn in. Put all names on it and label it 18.4.

31. 19.1 Genes, Chromosomes and DNA • Revealing the genetic code has allowed us to alter the characteristics of plants and animals, usually to increase production

32. How it’s all Related • Genes are made up of DNA • Chromosomes are long strands of DNA • Genes are a specific segment of a chromosome • A genome is all of the genes of a species together

34. A review of cellular reproduction Mitosis • Cells are reproduced through mitosis by copying the DNA that forms its chromosomes • Replication is the process of making an exact duplication of each chromosome • Once the two cells divide, they produce daughter cells Meiosis • Sex cells are formed through Meiosis, producing four sex cells each having one complete set of single chromosomes

36. Abnormalities • Errors in this process result in mutations

37. Read pages 230-232 and INDIVIDUALLY answer the questions on page 232, pleas turn it in. • Then complete the Karyotyping Lab

38. 19.3 Fight the BlightThe History of Food Technolgy

42. Why use Biotechnology? • The selective breeding of blight-resistant rice took over 10 years and produced only one new blight-resistant variety. • Biotechnology reduces the time it takes to get the desired result, even though it is not “fast” • With biotechnology you can transfer genes from one species to another, that would otherwise not be able to be “bred” together. • Researches have transferred animal genes into plants: a gene from a firefly has been used to create tobacco plants that glow!

43. Genetic Resistance to Disease • Read the story of the blight-resistant gene on page 239. Create a timeline that shows each step in the process and a summary of what they did.

44. 20.1 The Clone Zone • Should humans continue to research genetic engineering and cloning for the purpose of increasing food production?