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Phys 1240: Sound and Music

Delve into the intricacies of sound production, formants, and resonance as you explore the world of music and vocal communication. Discover the science behind pitch, frequencies, and the perception of sound. Get ready for your final exam!

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Phys 1240: Sound and Music

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  1. Phys 1240: Sound and Music LAST: Jeff Merkel on “sound in the studio” TODAY: Wrapping up - voices, sonograms, … NEXT: Final exam: Sat 7:30-10 PM. See web! Jeff M's office hour is Friday 6-8, Benson Earth Sciences (BESC 185)

  2. CT xsurvey Where do you normally sit? (i.e. for most of this term) • Front third of the room • Middle third • Rear third • Balconies • I move a lot!

  3. Voice: Consonants: Sudden high pressure. No definite pitch p b (lips) t d (tongue) k g (palate)

  4. Voice: Consonants: Some can be sustained No definite pitch (not harmonic!) (like "white noise") f v (lips) th(in) th(em) (tongue) s z (tongue - different spot) sh zh (tongue - further back + teeth)

  5. nasal m (lips) n (tongue) ng (palate)

  6. Some are "mixtures" Say z and open your mouth (becomes a vowel) Close your mouth (becomes an s)

  7. vowels Periodic (pitch!) Spectrum is harmonic Like a "reed" instrument (vocal cords) Can sustain "ah" Can't sustain "oi" like "oil"

  8. formants Formants: Certain ranges of frequency are enhanced (or suppressed), to form a particular vowel

  9. consider a cylinder What are the "resonant frequencies"?

  10. ideal spectrum of cylinderof some given size 1 kHz 2 kHz 3 kHz

  11. Possible spectrum of (real) cone of some given size 1 kHz 2 kHz 3 kHz

  12. consider a "cone" What are the "resonant frequencies"?

  13. Possible spectrum of (real) cone of some given size 1 kHz 2 kHz 3 kHz

  14. Pure 250 Hz source (with lots of harmonics) 1 kHz 2 kHz 3 kHz

  15. "Formant" send that 250 Hz sound (with lots of harmonics) through the cone: 1 kHz 2 kHz 3 kHz

  16. SAME Formant send that 500 Hz sound (with lots of harmonics) through the cone: 1 kHz 2 kHz 3 kHz

  17. Voice Exploratorium "duck calls"

  18. formants Formants: An "envelope", certain ranges of frequency are enhanced (or suppressed). The shape of the envelope determines what vowel you hear!

  19. AM - Amplitude Modulation carrier Signal (the “envelope”)

  20. FM-Frequency modulation

  21. CT 8.3.1 Under cover of night, a Girl scout signals her friends on a distant hill by alternately dimming and brightening her flashlight. This signal is most accurately described as.. A: Frequency modulation. B: Amplitude modulation.

  22. CT 8.3.2 Musicians refer to tremolo when the loudness fluctuates while the pitch remains unchanged. Is this an example of… A: Frequency modulation. B: Amplitude modulation.

  23. CT 8.3.2b Musicians refer to vibrato when the pitch is wiggled up and down as you sing. Is this an example of… A: Frequency modulation. B: Amplitude modulation. Violinists can make “excursions” of .2 semitones, 6 times/sec. 0.2 semitones-> strength of the modulation 6 Hz -> “signal frequency” 440 Hz -> “carrier frequency”

  24. CT 8.3.3 We say that "concert A" corresponds to a frequency of 440 Hz. Does that mean that a flute playing concert A is emitting low frequency electromagnetic radiation which we "hear"? A: Yes, the flute sound is an electromagnetic wave. B: No, the flute sound is not an electromagnetic wave.

  25. The semester at a glance • Production • Propagation • Perception

  26. The semester at a glance • Production • Propagation • Perception Instruments Harmonics Resonance Waves and wave properties Interference and superposition Speed Ear Loudness/decibels Pitch/Frequency

  27. CT ex-TG3 Which would you pick? A) Flight B) Invisibility

  28. Good luck on the final, And then have a great break!

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