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Phys 1240: Sound and Music

Phys 1240: Sound and Music. LAST: Jeff Merkel on “sound in the studio” TODAY: Wrapping up - voices, sonograms, … NEXT: Final exam: Sat 7:30-10 PM. See web! Jeff M's office hour is Friday 6-8, Benson Earth Sciences (BESC 185) . CT xsurvey. Where do you normally sit?

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Phys 1240: Sound and Music

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  1. Phys 1240: Sound and Music LAST: Jeff Merkel on “sound in the studio” TODAY: Wrapping up - voices, sonograms, … NEXT: Final exam: Sat 7:30-10 PM. See web! Jeff M's office hour is Friday 6-8, Benson Earth Sciences (BESC 185)

  2. CT xsurvey Where do you normally sit? (i.e. for most of this term) • Front third of the room • Middle third • Rear third • Balconies • I move a lot!

  3. Voice: Consonants: Sudden high pressure. No definite pitch p b (lips) t d (tongue) k g (palate)

  4. Voice: Consonants: Some can be sustained No definite pitch (not harmonic!) (like "white noise") f v (lips) th(in) th(em) (tongue) s z (tongue - different spot) sh zh (tongue - further back + teeth)

  5. nasal m (lips) n (tongue) ng (palate)

  6. Some are "mixtures" Say z and open your mouth (becomes a vowel) Close your mouth (becomes an s)

  7. vowels Periodic (pitch!) Spectrum is harmonic Like a "reed" instrument (vocal cords) Can sustain "ah" Can't sustain "oi" like "oil"

  8. formants Formants: Certain ranges of frequency are enhanced (or suppressed), to form a particular vowel

  9. consider a cylinder What are the "resonant frequencies"?

  10. ideal spectrum of cylinderof some given size 1 kHz 2 kHz 3 kHz

  11. Possible spectrum of (real) cone of some given size 1 kHz 2 kHz 3 kHz

  12. consider a "cone" What are the "resonant frequencies"?

  13. Possible spectrum of (real) cone of some given size 1 kHz 2 kHz 3 kHz

  14. Pure 250 Hz source (with lots of harmonics) 1 kHz 2 kHz 3 kHz

  15. "Formant" send that 250 Hz sound (with lots of harmonics) through the cone: 1 kHz 2 kHz 3 kHz

  16. SAME Formant send that 500 Hz sound (with lots of harmonics) through the cone: 1 kHz 2 kHz 3 kHz

  17. Voice Exploratorium "duck calls"

  18. formants Formants: An "envelope", certain ranges of frequency are enhanced (or suppressed). The shape of the envelope determines what vowel you hear!

  19. AM - Amplitude Modulation carrier Signal (the “envelope”)

  20. FM-Frequency modulation

  21. CT 8.3.1 Under cover of night, a Girl scout signals her friends on a distant hill by alternately dimming and brightening her flashlight. This signal is most accurately described as.. A: Frequency modulation. B: Amplitude modulation.

  22. CT 8.3.2 Musicians refer to tremolo when the loudness fluctuates while the pitch remains unchanged. Is this an example of… A: Frequency modulation. B: Amplitude modulation.

  23. CT 8.3.2b Musicians refer to vibrato when the pitch is wiggled up and down as you sing. Is this an example of… A: Frequency modulation. B: Amplitude modulation. Violinists can make “excursions” of .2 semitones, 6 times/sec. 0.2 semitones-> strength of the modulation 6 Hz -> “signal frequency” 440 Hz -> “carrier frequency”

  24. CT 8.3.3 We say that "concert A" corresponds to a frequency of 440 Hz. Does that mean that a flute playing concert A is emitting low frequency electromagnetic radiation which we "hear"? A: Yes, the flute sound is an electromagnetic wave. B: No, the flute sound is not an electromagnetic wave.

  25. The semester at a glance • Production • Propagation • Perception

  26. The semester at a glance • Production • Propagation • Perception Instruments Harmonics Resonance Waves and wave properties Interference and superposition Speed Ear Loudness/decibels Pitch/Frequency

  27. CT ex-TG3 Which would you pick? A) Flight B) Invisibility

  28. Good luck on the final, And then have a great break!

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